Neocolonialism

Neocolonialism is the control by a state (usually, a former colonial power) over another nominally independent state (usually, a former colony) through indirect means.^[1]^[2]^[3] The term neocolonialism was first used after World War II to refer to the continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries, but its meaning soon broadened to apply, more generally, to places where the power of developed countries was used to produce a colonial-like exploitation.^[3]

Neocolonialism takes the form of economic imperialism, globalization, cultural imperialism and conditional aid to influence or control a developing country instead of the previous colonial methods of direct military control or indirect political control (hegemony). Neocolonialism differs from standard globalisation and development aid in that it typically results in a relationship of dependence, subservience, or financial obligation towards the neocolonialist nation.

Coined by the French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre in 1956,^[4]^[5] it was first used by Kwame Nkrumah in the context of African countries undergoing decolonisation in the 1960s. Neocolonialism is also discussed in the works of Western thinkers such as Sartre (Colonialism and Neocolonialism, 1964)^[6] and Noam Chomsky (The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism, 1979).^[7]

^ Stanard, Matthew G. (2018). European Overseas Empire, 1879 – 1999: A Short History. John Wiley & Sons. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-119-13013-0.
^ Scott, John; Marshall, Gordon (2009), "neo-colonialism", A Dictionary of Sociology, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199533008.001.0001/acref-9780199533008-e-1534, ISBN 978-0-19-953300-8
^ ^a ^b Halperin, Sandra (2023-12-02). "Neocolonialism". Neocolonialism | Definition, Examples, & Facts | Britannica. Britannica.
^ Ardant, Philippe (1965). "Le néo-colonialisme: thème, mythe et réalité" [Neo-colonialism: theme, myth and reality]. Revue française de science politique (in French). 15 (5): 837–855. doi:10.3406/rfsp.1965.392883.
^ Sartre, Jean-Paul (March–April 1956). "La Mystification néo-colonialiste" [The Neo-colonialist mystification)]. Les Temps Modernes (in French). 123: 125.
^ Sartre, Jean-Paul (2001). Colonialism and Neocolonialism. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-19146-3.
^ Chomsky, Noam; Herman, Edward S. (1979). The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism. Black Rose Books. p. 42ff. ISBN 978-0-919618-88-6.

[:2-1] Stanard, Matthew G. (2018). European Overseas Empire, 1879 – 1999: A Short History. John Wiley & Sons. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-119-13013-0.

[2] Scott, John; Marshall, Gordon (2009), "neo-colonialism", A Dictionary of Sociology, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199533008.001.0001/acref-9780199533008-e-1534, ISBN 978-0-19-953300-8

[:5-3] Halperin, Sandra (2023-12-02). "Neocolonialism". Neocolonialism | Definition, Examples, & Facts | Britannica. Britannica.

[4] Ardant, Philippe (1965). "Le néo-colonialisme: thème, mythe et réalité" [Neo-colonialism: theme, myth and reality]. Revue française de science politique (in French). 15 (5): 837–855. doi:10.3406/rfsp.1965.392883.

[5] Sartre, Jean-Paul (March–April 1956). "La Mystification néo-colonialiste" [The Neo-colonialist mystification)]. Les Temps Modernes (in French). 123: 125.

[Sartre2001-6] Sartre, Jean-Paul (2001). Colonialism and Neocolonialism. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-19146-3.

[ChomskyHerman1979-7] Chomsky, Noam; Herman, Edward S. (1979). The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism. Black Rose Books. p. 42ff. ISBN 978-0-919618-88-6.

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