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Nephrozoa

Nephrozoa
Temporal range: Ediacaran - Present,
EchinodermChordataEcdysozoaHemichordataLophotrochozoaPlatyzoa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
Clade: ParaHoxozoa
Clade: Bilateria
Clade: Nephrozoa
Jondelius et al., 2002
Subdivisions
Synonyms

Eubilateria Ax, 1987

Nephrozoa is a proposed major clade of bilaterian animals. Under this hypothesis, Xenacoelomorpha forms the earliest diverging branch of Bilateria, with all other bilaterians placed in Nephrozoa. It contrasts with the Xenambulacraria hypothesis, which instead posits that Xenacoelomorpha is most closely related to Ambulacraria (usually placed as deuterostomes).[1][2][3][4][5][6] Which hypothesis is correct has been debated, and as of 2024 the issue is unresolved.[7][8] The clade is named after a key synapomorphy of the group: the presence of specialized excretory organs known as nephridia.[9]

Below is a proposed phylogenetic tree of Nephrozoa:

Bilateria
  1. ^ Philippe, Hervé; Poustka, Albert J.; Chiodin, Marta; Hoff, Katharina J.; Dessimoz, Christophe; Tomiczek, Bartlomiej; Schiffer, Philipp H.; et al. (2019). "Mitigating Anticipated Effects of Systematic Errors Supports Sister-Group Relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and Ambulacraria". Current Biology. 29 (11): 1818–1826.e6. Bibcode:2019CBio...29E1818P. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.009. hdl:21.11116/0000-0004-DC4B-1. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 31104936. S2CID 155104811.
  2. ^ Marlétaz, Ferdinand (2019-06-17). "Zoology: Worming into the Origin of Bilaterians". Current Biology. 29 (12): R577 – R579. Bibcode:2019CBio...29.R577M. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.006. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 31211978.
  3. ^ Kapli, Paschalia; Telford, Maximilian J. (11 Dec 2020). "Topology-dependent asymmetry in systematic errors affects phylogenetic placement of Ctenophora and Xenacoelomorpha". Science Advances. 6 (10): eabc5162. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.5162K. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc5162. PMC 7732190. PMID 33310849.
  4. ^ Kapli, Paschalia; Natsidis, Paschalis; Leite, Daniel J.; Fursman, Maximilian; Jeffrie, Nadia; Rahman, Imran A.; Philippe, Hervé; Copley, Richard R.; Telford, Maximilian J. (2021-03-19). "Lack of support for Deuterostomia prompts reinterpretation of the first Bilateria". Science Advances. 7 (12): eabe2741. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.2741K. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abe2741. PMC 7978419. PMID 33741592.
  5. ^ Marlétaz, Ferdinand; Peijnenburg, Katja T.C.A.; Goto, Taichiro; Satoh, Noriyuki; Rokhsar, Daniel S. (2019-01-21). "A New Spiralian Phylogeny Places the Enigmatic Arrow Worms among Gnathiferans". Current Biology. 29 (2): 312–318.e3. Bibcode:2019CBio...29E.312M. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.042. PMID 30639106.
  6. ^ Schiffer, Philipp H; Natsidis, Paschalis; Leite, Daniel J; Robertson, Helen E; Lapraz, François; Marlétaz, Ferdinand; Fromm, Bastian; Baudry, Liam; Simpson, Fraser; Høye, Eirik; Zakrzewski, Anne C; Kapli, Paschalia; Hoff, Katharina J; Müller, Steven; Marbouty, Martial (2024-08-07). "Insights into early animal evolution from the genome of the xenacoelomorph worm Xenoturbella bocki". eLife. 13. doi:10.7554/eLife.94948. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 11521371. PMID 39109482.
  7. ^ Abalde, Samuel; Jondelius, Ulf (2025-02-10). Whelan, Nathan (ed.). "A Phylogenomic Backbone for Acoelomorpha Inferred From Transcriptomic Data". Systematic Biology. 74 (1): 70–85. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syae057. ISSN 1063-5157. PMC 11809588. PMID 39451056.
  8. ^ Robertson, Helen E.; Sebé-Pedrós, Arnau; Saudemont, Baptiste; Loe-Mie, Yann; Zakrzewski, Anne-C.; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Mailhe, Marie-Pierre; Schiffer, Philipp; Telford, Maximilian J.; Marlow, Heather (2024-03-19). "Single cell atlas of Xenoturbella bocki highlights limited cell-type complexity". Nature Communications. 15 (1): 2469. Bibcode:2024NatCo..15.2469R. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-45956-y. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10951248. PMID 38503762.
  9. ^ Jondelius, Ulf; Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki; Baguñà, Jaume; Riutort, Marta (2002). "The Nemertodermatida are basal bilaterians and not members of the Platyhelminthes". Zoologica Scripta. 31 (2): 201–215. doi:10.1046/j.1463-6409.2002.00090.x. ISSN 1463-6409.

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