Nicotiana quadrivalvis

Nicotiana quadrivalvis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Solanales
Family:	Solanaceae
Genus:	Nicotiana
Species:	N. quadrivalvis
Binomial name
	Nicotiana quadrivalvis; Pursh
Synonyms
	Nicotiana bigelovii

Nicotiana quadrivalvis is a species of wild tobacco known as Indian tobacco. The variety N. quadrivalvis var. multivalvis is known by the common name Columbian tobacco.^[1] It is endemic to the western United States, where it grows in many types of habitat. It is a bushy, sprawling annual herb growing up to two meters in maximum height. The lower leaf blades are up to 15 centimetres (6 in) long and are borne on short petioles, the upper smaller and sessile on the stem. The inflorescence is an array of several white, greenish, or purple-tinged flowers with tubular throats up to 5 centimeters long. The base of each is enclosed in a ridged calyx of sepals. The flower face may be 5 centimetres (2 in) wide. The fruit is a capsule up to 2 centimetres (3⁄4 in) in length.

It is also called "sacred tobacco,"^[2] by different Native American cultures. Nicotiana rustica can also be considered sacred.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

^ Cite error: The named reference bull was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Tonio, Sadik (March 28, 2014). "Traditional Use of Tobacco among Indigenous Peoples of North America" (PDF).
^ Godlaski, Theodore M (November 2012). "Holy Smoke: Tobacco Use Among Native American Tribes in North America". Retrieved 2019-12-28.
^ Brokenleg, Isaiah. "Walking towards the sacred" (PDF). glitc.org. Retrieved 2019-12-28.
^ Howard L. Harrod (February 1992). Renewing the World: Plains Indian Religion and Morality. University of Arizona Press. pp. 182–. ISBN 978-0-8165-1312-3.
^ Setchell, William Albert (1921). "Aboriginal Tobaccos". American Anthropologist. 23 (4): 397–414. doi:10.1525/aa.1921.23.4.02a00020. JSTOR 660667.
^ Tushingham, Shannon (September 26, 2018). "Biomolecular archaeology reveals ancient origins of indigenous tobacco smoking in North American Plateau" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (46): 11742–11747. doi:10.1073/pnas.1813796115. PMC 6243282. PMID 30373836. Retrieved 2019-12-28.

[bull-1] Cite error: The named reference bull was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Traditional_Use_of_Tobacco_among_Indigenous_Peoples_of_North_America-2] Tonio, Sadik (March 28, 2014). "Traditional Use of Tobacco among Indigenous Peoples of North America" (PDF).

[Holy_Smoke:_Tobacco_Use_Among_Native_American_Tribes_in_North_America-3] Godlaski, Theodore M (November 2012). "Holy Smoke: Tobacco Use Among Native American Tribes in North America". Retrieved 2019-12-28.

[Walking_towards_the_sacred-4] Brokenleg, Isaiah. "Walking towards the sacred" (PDF). glitc.org. Retrieved 2019-12-28.

[Harrod1992-5] Howard L. Harrod (February 1992). Renewing the World: Plains Indian Religion and Morality. University of Arizona Press. pp. 182–. ISBN 978-0-8165-1312-3.

[Aboriginal_Tobaccos-6] Setchell, William Albert (1921). "Aboriginal Tobaccos". American Anthropologist. 23 (4): 397–414. doi:10.1525/aa.1921.23.4.02a00020. JSTOR 660667.

[Biomolecular_archaeology_reveals_ancient_origins_of_indigenous_tobacco_smoking_in_North_American_Plateau-7] Tushingham, Shannon (September 26, 2018). "Biomolecular archaeology reveals ancient origins of indigenous tobacco smoking in North American Plateau" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (46): 11742–11747. doi:10.1073/pnas.1813796115. PMC 6243282. PMID 30373836. Retrieved 2019-12-28.

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