Nitrogen-vacancy center

The nitrogen-vacancy center (N-V center or NV center) is one of numerous photoluminescent point defects in diamond. Its most explored and useful properties include its spin-dependent photoluminescence (which enables measurement of the electronic spin state using optically detected magnetic resonance), and its relatively long (millisecond) spin coherence at room temperature.^[1] The NV center energy levels are modified by magnetic fields,^[2] electric fields,^[3] temperature,^[4] and strain,^[5] which allow it to serve as a sensor of a variety of physical phenomena. Its atomic size and spin properties can form the basis for useful quantum sensors.^[6] It has also been explored for applications in quantum computing (e.g. for entanglement generation^[7]), quantum simulation,^[8] and spintronics.^[9]

^ Hanson, R.; Gywat, O.; Awschalom, D. D. (2006-10-26). "Room-temperature manipulation and decoherence of a single spin in diamond". Physical Review B. 74 (16): 161203. arXiv:quant-ph/0608233. Bibcode:2006PhRvB..74p1203H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.74.161203. S2CID 5055366.
^ Maze, J. R.; Stanwix, P. L.; Hodges, J. S.; Hong, S.; Taylor, J. M.; Cappellaro, P.; Jiang, L.; Dutt, M. V. Gurudev; Togan, E.; Zibrov, A. S.; Yacoby, A.; Walsworth, R. L.; Lukin, M. D. (October 2008). "Nanoscale magnetic sensing with an individual electronic spin in diamond". Nature. 455 (7213): 644–647. Bibcode:2008Natur.455..644M. doi:10.1038/nature07279. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 18833275.
^ Dolde, F.; Fedder, H.; Doherty, M. W.; Nöbauer, T.; Rempp, F.; Balasubramanian, G.; Wolf, T.; Reinhard, F.; Hollenberg, L. C. L.; Jelezko, F.; Wrachtrup, J. (June 2011). "Electric-field sensing using single diamond spins". Nature Physics. 7 (6): 459–463. arXiv:1103.3432. Bibcode:2011NatPh...7..459D. doi:10.1038/nphys1969. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0027-768E-1. ISSN 1745-2481. S2CID 119287960.
^ Kucsko, G.; Maurer, P. C.; Yao, N. Y.; Kubo, M.; Noh, H. J.; Lo, P. K.; Park, H.; Lukin, M. D. (August 2013). "Nanometre-scale thermometry in a living cell". Nature. 500 (7460): 54–58. arXiv:1304.1068. Bibcode:2013Natur.500...54K. doi:10.1038/nature12373. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 4221854. PMID 23903748.
^ Maze, J R; Gali, A; Togan, E; Chu, Y; Trifonov, A; Kaxiras, E; Lukin, M D (2011-02-28). "Properties of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond: the group theoretic approach". New Journal of Physics. 13 (2): 025025. arXiv:1010.1338. Bibcode:2011NJPh...13b5025M. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/13/2/025025. ISSN 1367-2630. S2CID 16820460.
^ Degen, C. L.; Reinhard, F.; Cappellaro, P. (2017-07-25). "Quantum sensing". Reviews of Modern Physics. 89 (3): 035002. arXiv:1611.02427. Bibcode:2017RvMP...89c5002D. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.89.035002. hdl:1721.1/124553. S2CID 2555443.
^ Bernien, H.; Hensen, B.; Pfaff, W.; Koolstra, G.; Blok, M. S.; Robledo, L.; Taminiau, T. H.; Markham, M.; Twitchen, D. J.; Childress, L.; Hanson, R. (May 2013). "Heralded entanglement between solid-state qubits separated by three metres". Nature. 497 (7447): 86–90. arXiv:1212.6136. Bibcode:2013Natur.497...86B. doi:10.1038/nature12016. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 23615617. S2CID 4383784.
^ Choi, Soonwon; Choi, Joonhee; Landig, Renate; Kucsko, Georg; Zhou, Hengyun; Isoya, Junichi; Jelezko, Fedor; Onoda, Shinobu; Sumiya, Hitoshi; Khemani, Vedika; von Keyserlingk, Curt; Yao, Norman Y.; Demler, Eugene; Lukin, Mikhail D. (March 2017). "Observation of discrete time-crystalline order in a disordered dipolar many-body system". Nature. 543 (7644): 221–225. doi:10.1038/nature21426. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5349499. PMID 28277511.
^ Awschalom, David D.; Bassett, Lee C.; Dzurak, Andrew S.; Hu, Evelyn L.; Petta, Jason R. (2013-03-08). "Quantum Spintronics: Engineering and Manipulating Atom-Like Spins in Semiconductors". Science. 339 (6124): 1174–1179. Bibcode:2013Sci...339.1174A. doi:10.1126/science.1231364. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 23471400. S2CID 206545890.

[1] Hanson, R.; Gywat, O.; Awschalom, D. D. (2006-10-26). "Room-temperature manipulation and decoherence of a single spin in diamond". Physical Review B. 74 (16): 161203. arXiv:quant-ph/0608233. Bibcode:2006PhRvB..74p1203H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.74.161203. S2CID 5055366.

[2] Maze, J. R.; Stanwix, P. L.; Hodges, J. S.; Hong, S.; Taylor, J. M.; Cappellaro, P.; Jiang, L.; Dutt, M. V. Gurudev; Togan, E.; Zibrov, A. S.; Yacoby, A.; Walsworth, R. L.; Lukin, M. D. (October 2008). "Nanoscale magnetic sensing with an individual electronic spin in diamond". Nature. 455 (7213): 644–647. Bibcode:2008Natur.455..644M. doi:10.1038/nature07279. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 18833275.

[3] Dolde, F.; Fedder, H.; Doherty, M. W.; Nöbauer, T.; Rempp, F.; Balasubramanian, G.; Wolf, T.; Reinhard, F.; Hollenberg, L. C. L.; Jelezko, F.; Wrachtrup, J. (June 2011). "Electric-field sensing using single diamond spins". Nature Physics. 7 (6): 459–463. arXiv:1103.3432. Bibcode:2011NatPh...7..459D. doi:10.1038/nphys1969. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0027-768E-1. ISSN 1745-2481. S2CID 119287960.

[4] Kucsko, G.; Maurer, P. C.; Yao, N. Y.; Kubo, M.; Noh, H. J.; Lo, P. K.; Park, H.; Lukin, M. D. (August 2013). "Nanometre-scale thermometry in a living cell". Nature. 500 (7460): 54–58. arXiv:1304.1068. Bibcode:2013Natur.500...54K. doi:10.1038/nature12373. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 4221854. PMID 23903748.

[5] Maze, J R; Gali, A; Togan, E; Chu, Y; Trifonov, A; Kaxiras, E; Lukin, M D (2011-02-28). "Properties of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond: the group theoretic approach". New Journal of Physics. 13 (2): 025025. arXiv:1010.1338. Bibcode:2011NJPh...13b5025M. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/13/2/025025. ISSN 1367-2630. S2CID 16820460.

[6] Degen, C. L.; Reinhard, F.; Cappellaro, P. (2017-07-25). "Quantum sensing". Reviews of Modern Physics. 89 (3): 035002. arXiv:1611.02427. Bibcode:2017RvMP...89c5002D. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.89.035002. hdl:1721.1/124553. S2CID 2555443.

[7] Bernien, H.; Hensen, B.; Pfaff, W.; Koolstra, G.; Blok, M. S.; Robledo, L.; Taminiau, T. H.; Markham, M.; Twitchen, D. J.; Childress, L.; Hanson, R. (May 2013). "Heralded entanglement between solid-state qubits separated by three metres". Nature. 497 (7447): 86–90. arXiv:1212.6136. Bibcode:2013Natur.497...86B. doi:10.1038/nature12016. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 23615617. S2CID 4383784.

[8] Choi, Soonwon; Choi, Joonhee; Landig, Renate; Kucsko, Georg; Zhou, Hengyun; Isoya, Junichi; Jelezko, Fedor; Onoda, Shinobu; Sumiya, Hitoshi; Khemani, Vedika; von Keyserlingk, Curt; Yao, Norman Y.; Demler, Eugene; Lukin, Mikhail D. (March 2017). "Observation of discrete time-crystalline order in a disordered dipolar many-body system". Nature. 543 (7644): 221–225. doi:10.1038/nature21426. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5349499. PMID 28277511.

[9] Awschalom, David D.; Bassett, Lee C.; Dzurak, Andrew S.; Hu, Evelyn L.; Petta, Jason R. (2013-03-08). "Quantum Spintronics: Engineering and Manipulating Atom-Like Spins in Semiconductors". Science. 339 (6124): 1174–1179. Bibcode:2013Sci...339.1174A. doi:10.1126/science.1231364. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 23471400. S2CID 206545890.

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