Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | |
---|---|
Other names | Non-Hodgkin disease |
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Micrograph of mantle cell lymphoma, a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Terminal ileum. H&E stain. | |
Specialty | Hematology and oncology |
Symptoms | Enlarged lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss, tiredness, itching[1] |
Usual onset | 65–75 years old[2] |
Risk factors | Poor immune function, autoimmune diseases, Helicobacter pylori infection, hepatitis C, obesity, Epstein-Barr virus infection[1][3] |
Diagnostic method | Bone marrow or lymph node biopsy[1] |
Treatment | Chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, stem cell transplantation, surgery, watchful waiting[1] |
Prognosis | Five-year survival rate 71% (USA)[2] |
Frequency | 4.3 million (affected during 2015)[4] |
Deaths | 231,400 (2015)[5] |
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), also known as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, is a group of blood cancers that includes all types of lymphomas except Hodgkin lymphomas.[1] Symptoms include enlarged lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and tiredness.[1] Other symptoms may include bone pain, chest pain, or itchiness.[1] Some forms are slow-growing while others are fast-growing.[1] Unlike Hodgkin lymphoma, which spreads contiguously, NHL is largely a systemic illness.[6]
Lymphomas are types of cancer that develop from lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell.[2] Risk factors include poor immune function, autoimmune diseases, Helicobacter pylori infection, hepatitis C, obesity, and Epstein–Barr virus infection.[1][3] The World Health Organization classifies lymphomas into five major groups, including one for Hodgkin lymphoma.[7] Within the four groups for NHL are over 60 specific types of lymphoma.[8][9] Diagnosis is by examination of a bone marrow or lymph node biopsy.[1] Medical imaging is done to help with cancer staging.[1]
Treatment depends on whether the lymphoma is slow- or fast-growing and if it is in one area or many areas.[1] Treatments may include chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, stem-cell transplantation, surgery, or watchful waiting.[1] If the blood becomes overly thick due to high numbers of antibodies, plasmapheresis may be used.[1] Radiation and some chemotherapy, however, increase the risk of other cancers, heart disease, or nerve problems over the subsequent decades.[1]
In 2015, about 4.3 million people had non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and 231,400 (5.4%) died.[4][5] In the United States, 2.1% of people are affected at some point in their life.[2] The most common age of diagnosis is between 65 and 75 years old.[2] The five-year survival rate in the United States is 71%.[2]
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