Nonlinear optics

Structure of KTP crystal, viewed down b axis, used in second harmonic generation.

Nonlinear optics (NLO) is the branch of optics that describes the behaviour of light in nonlinear media, that is, media in which the polarization density P responds non-linearly to the electric field E of the light. The non-linearity is typically observed only at very high light intensities (when the electric field of the light is >10⁸ V/m and thus comparable to the atomic electric field of ~10¹¹ V/m) such as those provided by lasers. Above the Schwinger limit, the vacuum itself is expected to become nonlinear. In nonlinear optics, the superposition principle no longer holds.^[1]^[2]^[3]

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