Olenekian

Olenekian
Olenekian
	Olenekian Buntsandstein in Heligoland, Germany
Chronology
←	Permian-Triassic extinction event
←	Smithian–Spathian boundary event
←	Carnian pluvial episode
←	Full recovery of woody trees
←	Coals return
←	Scleractinian; corals & calcified sponges
←	Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
←	Manicouagan impact
	Subdivision of the Triassic according to the ICS, as of 2024.; Vertical axis scale: Millions of years ago
Etymology
Name formality	Formal
Usage information
Celestial body	Earth
Regional usage	Global (ICS)
Time scale(s) used	ICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unit	Age
Stratigraphic unit	Stage
Time span formality	Formal
Lower boundary definition	Not formally defined
Lower boundary definition candidates	FAD of the Conodont Neospathodus waageni
Lower boundary GSSP candidate section(s)	Mud (Muth) village, Spiti valley, India
Upper boundary definition	Not formally defined
Upper boundary definition candidates	FAD of the Conodont Chiosella timorensis; Base of magnetic zone MT1n;
Upper boundary GSSP candidate section(s)	Desli Caira, Northern Dobruja, Romania; Guandao, Guizhou, China;

In the geologic timescale, the Olenekian is an age in the Early Triassic epoch; in chronostratigraphy, it is a stage in the Lower Triassic series. It spans the time between 249.9 Ma and 246.7 Ma (million years ago).^[7] The Olenekian is sometimes divided into the Smithian and the Spathian subages or substages.^[8] The Olenekian follows the Induan and is followed by the Anisian (Middle Triassic).^[7]

The Olenekian saw the deposition of a large part of the Buntsandstein in Europe. The Olenekian is roughly coeval with the regional Yongningzhenian Stage used in China.

^ Widmann, Philipp; Bucher, Hugo; Leu, Marc; et al. (2020). "Dynamics of the Largest Carbon Isotope Excursion During the Early Triassic Biotic Recovery". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8 (196): 196. Bibcode:2020FrEaS...8..196W. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00196.
^ McElwain, J. C.; Punyasena, S. W. (2007). "Mass extinction events and the plant fossil record". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 22 (10): 548–557. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.003. PMID 17919771.
^ Retallack, G. J.; Veevers, J.; Morante, R. (1996). "Global coal gap between Permian–Triassic extinctions and middle Triassic recovery of peat forming plants". GSA Bulletin. 108 (2): 195–207. Bibcode:1996GSAB..108..195R. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0195:GCGBPT>2.3.CO;2. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
^ Payne, J. L.; Lehrmann, D. J.; Wei, J.; Orchard, M. J.; Schrag, D. P.; Knoll, A. H. (2004). "Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle During Recovery from the End-Permian Extinction". Science. 305 (5683): 506–9. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..506P. doi:10.1126/science.1097023. PMID 15273391. S2CID 35498132.
^ "International Chronostratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. December 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2025.
^ "Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point". International Commission of Stratigraphy. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
^ ^a ^b "ICS - Chart/Time Scale" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2025-01-01. Retrieved 2025-01-14.
^ Tozer, E. T. (1965). "Lower Triassic stages and ammonoid zones of Arctic Canada". Geological Survey of Canada Paper. 65–12: 1–14. doi:10.4095/100985.

[1] Widmann, Philipp; Bucher, Hugo; Leu, Marc; et al. (2020). "Dynamics of the Largest Carbon Isotope Excursion During the Early Triassic Biotic Recovery". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8 (196): 196. Bibcode:2020FrEaS...8..196W. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00196.

[McElwain2007-2] McElwain, J. C.; Punyasena, S. W. (2007). "Mass extinction events and the plant fossil record". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 22 (10): 548–557. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.003. PMID 17919771.

[Retallack1996-3] Retallack, G. J.; Veevers, J.; Morante, R. (1996). "Global coal gap between Permian–Triassic extinctions and middle Triassic recovery of peat forming plants". GSA Bulletin. 108 (2): 195–207. Bibcode:1996GSAB..108..195R. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0195:GCGBPT>2.3.CO;2. Retrieved 2007-09-29.

[Payne2004-4] Payne, J. L.; Lehrmann, D. J.; Wei, J.; Orchard, M. J.; Schrag, D. P.; Knoll, A. H. (2004). "Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle During Recovery from the End-Permian Extinction". Science. 305 (5683): 506–9. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..506P. doi:10.1126/science.1097023. PMID 15273391. S2CID 35498132.

[ICS-5] "International Chronostratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. December 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2025.

[GSSP_Web-6] "Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point". International Commission of Stratigraphy. Retrieved 23 December 2020.

[TimeScale-7] "ICS - Chart/Time Scale" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2025-01-01. Retrieved 2025-01-14.

[Tozer1965-8] Tozer, E. T. (1965). "Lower Triassic stages and ammonoid zones of Arctic Canada". Geological Survey of Canada Paper. 65–12: 1–14. doi:10.4095/100985.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]