Oppositional defiant disorder

Oppositional defiant disorder
Oppositional defiant disorder
Specialty	Paediatrics, Psychology
Symptoms	Recurrent patterns of negative, hostile, or defiant behavior towards authority figures
Complications	Enforcement action
Usual onset	Childhood or adolescence (can become evident before 8 years of age)
Duration	Is diagnosed until 18 years of age
Causes	Insufficient care for the affected child during early development
Risk factors	ADHD
Differential diagnosis	Conduct disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder, a psychotic disorder, borderline personality disorder, major depressive disorder, antisocial personality disorder
Treatment	Medication, Cognitive behavioral therapy, family therapy, intervention (counseling)
Medication	CNS stimulants (methylphenidate, amphetamine); non-stimulants (atomoxetine, viloxazine); alpha-2a agonists (guanfacine XR, clonidine XR);
Prognosis	Poor unless professionally treated
Frequency	~3%

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)^[1] is listed in the DSM-5 under Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders and defined as "a pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness".^[2] This behavior is usually targeted toward peers, parents, teachers, and other authority figures, including law enforcement officials.^[3] Unlike conduct disorder (CD), those with ODD do not generally show patterns of aggression towards random people, violence against animals, destruction of property, theft, or deceit.^[4] One-half of children with ODD also fulfill the diagnostic criteria for ADHD.^[5]^[6]^[7]

^ Cite error: The named reference AACAP_2009 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "Diagnostic Criteria 313.81 (F91.3)". Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth ed.). American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 978-0-89042-554-1.
^ "Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) in Children". www.hopkinsmedicine.org. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
^ Nolen-Hoeksema S (2014). Abnormal Psychology. New York, NY: McGraw Hill. p. 323. ISBN 978-0-07-803538-8.
^ Golubchik, Pavel, Shalev, Lilach, Tsamir, Dina, Manor, Iris, Weizman, Abraham. High pretreatment cognitive impulsivity predicts response of oppositional symptoms to methylphenidate in patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder/oppositional defiant disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2019;34(3):138-142. doi:10.1097/YIC.0000000000000252.
^ Harvey EA, Breaux RP, Lugo-Candelas CI (2016). Early development of comorbidity between symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). J Abnorm Psychol125: 154–167.
^ Waschbusch DA (2002). A meta-analytic examination of comorbid hyperactive-impulsive-attention problems and conduct problems. Psychol Bull128:118–150.

[AACAP_2009-1] Cite error: The named reference AACAP_2009 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[DSM5-2] "Diagnostic Criteria 313.81 (F91.3)". Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth ed.). American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 978-0-89042-554-1.

[3] "Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) in Children". www.hopkinsmedicine.org. Retrieved 2021-05-26.

[4] Nolen-Hoeksema S (2014). Abnormal Psychology. New York, NY: McGraw Hill. p. 323. ISBN 978-0-07-803538-8.

[ReferenceA-5] Golubchik, Pavel, Shalev, Lilach, Tsamir, Dina, Manor, Iris, Weizman, Abraham. High pretreatment cognitive impulsivity predicts response of oppositional symptoms to methylphenidate in patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder/oppositional defiant disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2019;34(3):138-142. doi:10.1097/YIC.0000000000000252.

[6] Harvey EA, Breaux RP, Lugo-Candelas CI (2016). Early development of comorbidity between symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). J Abnorm Psychol125: 154–167.

[7] Waschbusch DA (2002). A meta-analytic examination of comorbid hyperactive-impulsive-attention problems and conduct problems. Psychol Bull128:118–150.

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