Orbital pole

An orbital pole is either point at the ends of the orbital normal, an imaginary line segment that runs through a focus of an orbit (of a revolving body like a planet, moon or satellite) and is perpendicular (or normal) to the orbital plane. Projected onto the celestial sphere, orbital poles are similar in concept to celestial poles, but are based on the body's orbit instead of its equator.

The north orbital pole of a revolving body is defined by the right-hand rule. If the fingers of the right hand are curved along the direction of orbital motion, with the thumb extended and oriented to be parallel to the orbital axis, then the direction the thumb points is defined to be the orbital north.

The poles of Earth's orbit are referred to as the ecliptic poles. For the remaining planets, the orbital pole in ecliptic coordinates is given by the longitude of the ascending node ( $☊$ ) and inclination ( $i$ ): $ℓ = ☊ - 90°$ , $b = 90° - i$ . In the following table, the planetary orbit poles are given in both celestial coordinates and the ecliptic coordinates for the Earth.

Object	$☊$ ^[1]	$i$ ^[1]	Ecl.Lon.	Ecl.Lat.	RA ( $α$ )	Dec ( $δ$ )
Mercury	48.331°	7.005°	318.331°	82.995°	18^h 43^m 57.1^s	+61° 26′ 52″
Venus	76.678°	3.395°	346.678°	86.605°	18^h 32^m 01.8^s	+65° 34′ 01″
Earth	^[a]140°	0.0001°	^[a]50°	89.9999°	18^h 00^m 00.0^s	+66° 33′ 38.84″
Mars	49.562°	1.850°	319.562°	88.150°	18^h 13^m 29.7^s	+65° 19′ 22″
Ceres	80.494°	10.583°	350.494°	79.417°	19^h 33^m 33.1^s	+62° 50′ 57″
Jupiter	100.492°	1.305°	10.492°	88.695°	18^h 13^m 00.8^s	+66° 45′ 53″
Saturn	113.643°	2.485°	23.643°	87.515°	18^h 23^m 46.8^s	+67° 26′ 55″
Uranus	73.989°	0.773°	343.989°	89.227°	18^h 07^m 24.1^s	+66° 20′ 12″
Neptune	131.794°	1.768°	41.794°	88.232°	18^h 13^m 54.1^s	+67° 42′ 08″
Pluto	110.287°	17.151°	20.287°	72.849°	20^h 56^m 3.7^s	+66° 32′ 31″

When a satellite orbits close to another large body, it can only maintain continuous observations in areas near its orbital poles. The continuous viewing zone (CVZ) of the Hubble Space Telescope lies inside roughly 24° of Hubble's orbital poles, which precess around the Earth's axis every 56 days.^[2]

^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference jpl horizons web was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "HST cycle 26 primer orbital constraints". HST User Documentation. hst-docs.stsci.edu. Retrieved 2022-07-16.

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

[jpl_horizons_web-1] Cite error: The named reference jpl horizons web was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[3] "HST cycle 26 primer orbital constraints". HST User Documentation. hst-docs.stsci.edu. Retrieved 2022-07-16.

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