Ouija

The Ouija (/ˈwiːdʒə/ WEE-jə, /-dʒi/ -⁠jee), also known as a Oujia board, spirit board, talking board, or witch board, is a flat board marked with the letters of the Latin alphabet, the numbers 0–9, the words "yes", "no", and occasionally "hello" and "goodbye", along with various symbols and graphics. It uses a planchette (a small heart-shaped piece of wood or plastic) as a movable indicator to spell out messages during a séance. Participants place their fingers on the planchette, and it is moved about the board to spell out words. The name "Ouija" is a trademark of Hasbro^[1] (inherited from Parker Brothers^{[citation needed]}), but is often used generically to refer to any talking board.

Spiritualists in the United States believed that the dead were able to contact the living and reportedly used a talking board very similar to a modern Ouija board at their camps in the U.S. state of Ohio in 1886 to ostensibly enable faster communication with spirits.^[2] Following its commercial patent by businessman Elijah Bond on 1 July 1890,^{[citation needed]} the Ouija board was regarded as an innocent parlor game unrelated to the occult until American spiritualist Pearl Curran popularized its use as a divining tool during World War I.^[3]

Paranormal and supernatural beliefs associated with Ouija have been criticized by the scientific community and are characterized as pseudoscience. The action of the board can be most easily explained by unconscious movements of those controlling the pointer, a psychophysiological phenomenon known as the ideomotor effect.^[2]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

Mainstream Christian denominations, including Catholicism, have warned against the use of Ouija boards, considering their use Satanic practice, while other religious groups hold that they can lead to demonic possession.^[8]^[9] Occultists, on the other hand, are divided on the issue, with some claiming it can be a tool for positive transformation, while others reiterate the warnings of many Christians and caution "inexperienced users" against it.^[8]

^ U.S. Trademark 71,546,217
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Rodriguez McRobbie 2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Brunvand, Jan Harold (2006) [1996]. "Ouija". American folklore: An encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 534. ISBN 978-1-135-57877-0.
^ Heap, Michael (14 November 2002). "Ideomotor Effect (the Ouija Board Effect)". In Shermer, Michael (ed.). The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience. ABC-CLIO. pp. 127–129. ISBN 1-57607-654-7.
^ Adams, Cecil; Ed Zotti (3 July 2000). "How does a Ouija board work?". The Straight Dope. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
^ Carroll, Robert T. (31 October 2009). "Ouija board". Skeptic's Dictionary. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
^ French, Chris (27 April 2013). "The unseen force that drives Ouija boards and fake bomb detectors". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
^ ^a ^b Ellis, Bill (2000). Raising the Devil: Satanism, New Religions, and the Media. University Press of Kentucky. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-8131-2682-1. Retrieved 16 October 2023. Practically since its invention a century ago, mainstream Christian religions, including Catholicism, have warned against the use of Oujia boards, claiming that they are a means of dabbling with Satanism (Hunt 1985:93–95). Occultists, interestingly, are divided on the Oujia board's value. Jane Roberts (1966) and Gina Covina (1979) express confidence that it is a device for positive transformation and they provide detailed instructions on how to use it to contact spirits and map the other world. But some occultists have echoed Christian warnings, cautioning inexperienced persons away from it.
^ Carlisle, Rodney P. (2009). Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society. Sage Publications. p. 434. ISBN 978-1412966702. In particular, Ouija boards and automatic writing are kin in that they can be practiced and explained both by parties who see them as instruments of psychological discovery; and both are abhorred by some religious groups as gateways to demonic possession, as the abandonment of will and invitation to external forces represents for them an act much like presenting an open wound to a germ-filled environment.

[uspto1-1] U.S. Trademark 71,546,217

[Rodriguez_McRobbie_2013-2] Cite error: The named reference Rodriguez McRobbie 2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Brunvand_2006-3] Brunvand, Jan Harold (2006) [1996]. "Ouija". American folklore: An encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 534. ISBN 978-1-135-57877-0.

[Heap_2002-4] Heap, Michael (14 November 2002). "Ideomotor Effect (the Ouija Board Effect)". In Shermer, Michael (ed.). The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience. ABC-CLIO. pp. 127–129. ISBN 1-57607-654-7.

[Adams-5] Adams, Cecil; Ed Zotti (3 July 2000). "How does a Ouija board work?". The Straight Dope. Retrieved 6 July 2010.

[Skepdic-6] Carroll, Robert T. (31 October 2009). "Ouija board". Skeptic's Dictionary. Retrieved 6 July 2010.

[7] French, Chris (27 April 2013). "The unseen force that drives Ouija boards and fake bomb detectors". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2023.

[Ellis_2000-8] Ellis, Bill (2000). Raising the Devil: Satanism, New Religions, and the Media. University Press of Kentucky. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-8131-2682-1. Retrieved 16 October 2023. Practically since its invention a century ago, mainstream Christian religions, including Catholicism, have warned against the use of Oujia boards, claiming that they are a means of dabbling with Satanism (Hunt 1985:93–95). Occultists, interestingly, are divided on the Oujia board's value. Jane Roberts (1966) and Gina Covina (1979) express confidence that it is a device for positive transformation and they provide detailed instructions on how to use it to contact spirits and map the other world. But some occultists have echoed Christian warnings, cautioning inexperienced persons away from it.

[Carlisle2009-9] Carlisle, Rodney P. (2009). Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society. Sage Publications. p. 434. ISBN 978-1412966702. In particular, Ouija boards and automatic writing are kin in that they can be practiced and explained both by parties who see them as instruments of psychological discovery; and both are abhorred by some religious groups as gateways to demonic possession, as the abandonment of will and invitation to external forces represents for them an act much like presenting an open wound to a germ-filled environment.

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