PT-91 Twardy

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PT-91 Twardy
PT-91 Twardy
Type	Main battle tank
Place of origin	Poland
Service history
Used by	See Users
Wars	Russo-Ukrainian War
Production history
Manufacturer	Bumar-Łabędy[1]
No. built	Around 285[1]
Specifications
Mass	45.9 tonnes
Length	6.95 m (9.67 with barrel in forward position)[2]
Width	3.59 m[2]
Height	2.19 m[2]
Crew	3
Armor	Composite armour; front and side armour laminated; front, side and top armour behind Erawa-1/Erawa-2 ERA, steel side anti-cumulative screens
Main armament	1 × 125 mm 2A46 (D-81TM) gun (42 rounds)[3]
Secondary armament	1 × 7.62mm PKT coaxial general-purpose machine gun (2,000 rounds) 1 × 12.7 mm NSVT heavy machine gun (300 rounds)[2]
Engine	PZL-Wola S-12U diesel 850 hp (630 kW)
Power/weight	18.5 hp/tonne (13.8 kW/tonne)
Transmission	Manual
Suspension	torsion-bar
Ground clearance	395 mm[2]
Fuel capacity	1,000 L[2]
Operational range	650 km (700 km with extra fuel tanks)[4]
Maximum speed	60 km/h[2]

PT-91M Pendekar
PT-91M Pendekar of Malaysian Army on display
Type	Main battle tank
Place of origin	Poland
Service history
Used by	Malaysia
Specifications
Mass	48.5 tonnes [5]
Length	6.86 m[5] (10.03 m with barrel in forward position)[5]
Width	3.70 m [5]
Height	2.60 m [5]
Crew	3[5]
Armor	Composite armour; front and side armour laminated; front, side and top armour behind Erawa-1/Erawa-2 ERA, steel side anti-cumulative screens
Main armament	1 × Rh-120 L/44 120 mm or Rh-120 L/55 120 mm Rheinmetall Rh-120[6] (42 rounds)
Secondary armament	1 × 7.62mm FN MAG coaxial general-purpose machine gun (2,000 rounds), 1 x 12.7 mm FN M2 HB anti-aircraft heavy machine gun (250 rounds)[5]
Engine	PZL-Wola S-1000R diesel 1,000 hp (750 kW)[5]
Power/weight	20.6 hp/t (16 kW/t)
Transmission	Automatic RENK-SESM/ESM-350M[5]
Suspension	torsion-bar
Ground clearance	395 mm[5]
Maximum speed	70 km/h [5]

The PT-91 Twardy (Polish pronunciation: [ˈtfar.dɨ], English: Hard) is a Polish main battle tank. A development of the T-72M1, it entered service in 1995. The PT-91 was designed at the OBRUM (Ośrodek Badawczo-Rozwojowy Urządzeń Mechanicznych, or Research and Development Centre for Mechanical Appliances) and is produced by the Bumar Łabędy company,^[7] part of the Bumar Group,^[8] a Polish technical military consortium. Changes from the T-72M include a new dual-axis stabilized fire-control system, reactive armour, a more powerful engine, transmission and new automatic loader.

Unlike many other T-72 upgrades, Polish Army PT-91s feature elements created almost exclusively by domestic companies, including the new engine, fire control system, and all communication system elements. Many of the elements were used to upgrade existing fleets of T-72 tanks in countries including the Czech Republic (T-72M4 CZ), Georgia (T-72SIM-1), and India (T-72 Ajeya Mk. 2). A total of 232 PT-91 tanks were delivered to the Polish Land Forces: 92 newly built vehicles and 140 from refurbished T-72A and T-72M1 tanks, designated PT-91M1 and PT-91MA1, respectively.^{[citation needed]}