Pacific Northwest English

Pacific Northwest English
Pacific Northwest English
Region	Cascadia, Northwestern United States (Oregon, Northern California and Washington) and Western Canada (British Columbia)
Language family	Indo-European Germanic West Germanic Ingvaeonic Anglo-Frisian Anglic English North American English American English Western American English Pacific Northwest English; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Early forms	Old English Middle English Early Modern English ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
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Pacific Northwest English (also known, in American linguistics, as Northwest English)^[1] is a variety of North American English spoken in the U.S. states of Washington and Oregon, sometimes also including Idaho and the Canadian province of British Columbia.^[2] Due to the internal diversity within Pacific Northwest English, current studies remain inconclusive about whether it is best regarded as a dialect of its own, separate from Western American English or even California English or Standard Canadian English,^[3] with which it shares its major phonological features.^[4] The dialect region contains a highly diverse and mobile population, which is reflected in the historical and continuing development of the variety.

^ Riebold, John M. (2014). Language Change Isn't Only Skin Deep: Inter-Ethnic Contact and the Spread of Innovation in the Northwest (PDF). Cascadia Workshop in Sociolinguistics 1 at University of Victoria. University of Washington. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 23, 2015.
^ Riebold, John M. (2012). Please Merge Ahead: The Vowel Space of Pacific Northwestern English (PDF). Northwest Linguistics Conference 28. University of Washington. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2015.
^ Ward (2003:87): "lexical studies have suggested that the Northwest in particular forms a unique dialect area (Reed 1957, Carver 1987, Wolfram and Shilling-Estes 1998). Yet the phonological studies that could in many ways reinforce what the lexical studies propose have so far been less confident in their predictions".
^ Ward (2003:43–45)

[Riebold2014-1] Riebold, John M. (2014). Language Change Isn't Only Skin Deep: Inter-Ethnic Contact and the Spread of Innovation in the Northwest (PDF). Cascadia Workshop in Sociolinguistics 1 at University of Victoria. University of Washington. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 23, 2015.

[Riebold2012-2] Riebold, John M. (2012). Please Merge Ahead: The Vowel Space of Pacific Northwestern English (PDF). Northwest Linguistics Conference 28. University of Washington. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2015.

[3] Ward (2003:87): "lexical studies have suggested that the Northwest in particular forms a unique dialect area (Reed 1957, Carver 1987, Wolfram and Shilling-Estes 1998). Yet the phonological studies that could in many ways reinforce what the lexical studies propose have so far been less confident in their predictions".

[4] Ward (2003:43–45)

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