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Republic of Panama República de Panamá (Spanish) | |
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Motto: Pro Mundi Beneficio (Latin) "For the Benefit of the World" | |
Anthem: Himno Istmeño (Spanish) "Hymn of the Isthmus" | |
Capital and largest city | Panama City 8°58′N 79°32′W / 8.967°N 79.533°W |
Official languages | Spanish |
Recognised regional languages | Guaymí Buglere Emberá Wounaan Kuna Teribe Bribri |
Ethnic groups (2020)[1] |
|
Religion (2020)[2] |
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Demonym(s) | Panamanian |
Government | Unitary presidential republic |
José Raúl Mulino | |
Vacant | |
Legislature | National Assembly |
Independence | |
• from Spanish Empire | November 28, 1821 |
• union with Gran Colombia | December 1821 |
• from Republic of Colombia | November 3, 1903 |
October 11, 1972 | |
Area | |
• Total | 75,417 km2 (29,119 sq mi)[3][4] (116th) |
• Water (%) | 2.9 |
Population | |
• 2022 estimate | 4,337,768[5] (127th) |
• Density | 56/km2 (145.0/sq mi) (122nd) |
GDP (PPP) | 2023 estimate |
• Total | ![]() |
• Per capita | ![]() |
GDP (nominal) | 2023 estimate |
• Total | ![]() |
• Per capita | ![]() |
Gini (2017) | ![]() high inequality |
HDI (2022) | ![]() very high (57th) |
Currency | |
Time zone | UTC−5 (EST) |
Date format | mm/dd/yyyy dd/mm/yyyy |
Driving side | right |
Calling code | +507 |
ISO 3166 code | PA |
Internet TLD | .pa |
Panama,[a] officially the Republic of Panama,[b] is a country in Latin America at the southern end of Central America, bordering South America. It is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the south. Its capital and largest city is Panama City, whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half of the country's over 4 million inhabitants.[9][10]
Before the arrival of Spanish colonists in the 16th century, Panama was inhabited by a number of different indigenous tribes. It broke away from Spain in 1821 and joined the Republic of Gran Colombia, a union of Nueva Granada, Ecuador, and Venezuela. After Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831, Panama and Nueva Granada eventually became the Republic of Colombia. With the backing of the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, allowing the construction of the Panama Canal to be completed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. The 1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties agreed to transfer the canal from the United States to Panama on December 31, 1999.[11] The surrounding territory was returned first, in 1979.[12]
Revenue from canal tolls has continued to represent a significant portion of Panama's GDP, especially after the Panama Canal expansion project (finished in 2016) doubled its capacity. Commerce, banking, and tourism are major sectors. Panama is regarded as having a high-income economy.[13] In 2019, Panama ranked 57th in the world in terms of the Human Development Index.[14] In 2018, Panama was ranked the seventh-most competitive economy in Latin America, according to the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Index.[15] Panama was ranked 84th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023.[16] Covering around 40 percent of its land area, Panama's jungles are home to an abundance of tropical plants and animals – some of them found nowhere else on earth.[17] Panama is a founding member of the United Nations and other international organizations such as the Organization of American States, Latin America Integration Association, Group of 77, World Health Organization, and Non-Aligned Movement.
Upon entry into force of this Treaty, the United States Government agencies known as the Panama Canal Company and the Canal Zone Government shall cease to operate within the territory of the Republic of Panama that formerly constituted the Canal Zone.
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