Panina

Panina; Temporal range:
	A male Chimpanzee (left) and a male bonobo (right)
	Phylogeny of Panina including the ghost lineage and Sahelanthropus.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Haplorhini
Infraorder:	Simiiformes
Family:	Hominidae
Subfamily:	Homininae
Tribe:	Hominini
Subtribe:	Panina; Delson, 1977
Type genus
	Pan; Blumenbach, 1775
Genera
	Pan; †Sahelanthropus?;

Panina^[2] is a subtribe of tribe Hominini; it comprises all descendants of the human-chimpanzee last common ancestor (LCA) that are not of the branch of human lineage—that is, all those ancestors of the type genus Pan, (chimpanzees and bonobos).^[3]^[1] This split/divergence occurred around 8 to 6 mya,^[4] which compares with a range of other estimates for this event—likely extended by periods of hybridization—of from 15 to 3 mya.^[5]^[6] Fossils from this subtribe are typically rare because they tend to live in environments with poor fossilization. Some of the earliest chimpanzee fossils are 500,000 years of age.^[7]

^ ^a ^b Delson, Eric (1977). "Catarrhine phylogeny and classification: Principles, methods and comments". Journal of Human Evolution. 6 (5): 433–459. doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(77)80057-2.
^ Panina at Fossilworks.org
^ Harrison, T. (2010), "Dendropithecoidea, Proconsuloidea, and Hominoidea", Cenozoic Mammals of Africa, pp. 429–470, doi:10.1525/california/9780520257214.003.0024, ISBN 9780520257214
^ Dolhinow, Phyllis; Sarich, Vincent (1971). Background for Man. Little, Brown & Co. p. 76. ISBN 9780512246967.
^ ScienceNews.org – 'Hybrid-Driven Evolution: Genomes show complexity of human-chimp split: Not only did the evolutionary parting of human from chimpanzee ancestors occur more recently than had been indicated by previous data, but it also played out over an extended period during which forerunners of people and chimps interbred', Bruce Bower, Science News (May 20, 2006)
^ Patterson, N.; Richter, D. J.; Gnerre, S.; Lander, E. S.; Reich, D. (2006). "Genetic evidence for complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees". Nature. 441 (7097): 1103–1108. Bibcode:2006Natur.441.1103P. doi:10.1038/nature04789. PMID 16710306. S2CID 2325560.
^ Hopkin, M. (2005), "First chimp fossil unearthed", Nature, doi:10.1038/news050829-10

[delson-1] Delson, Eric (1977). "Catarrhine phylogeny and classification: Principles, methods and comments". Journal of Human Evolution. 6 (5): 433–459. doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(77)80057-2.

[2] Panina at Fossilworks.org

[3] Harrison, T. (2010), "Dendropithecoidea, Proconsuloidea, and Hominoidea", Cenozoic Mammals of Africa, pp. 429–470, doi:10.1525/california/9780520257214.003.0024, ISBN 9780520257214

[4] Dolhinow, Phyllis; Sarich, Vincent (1971). Background for Man. Little, Brown & Co. p. 76. ISBN 9780512246967.

[5] ScienceNews.org – 'Hybrid-Driven Evolution: Genomes show complexity of human-chimp split: Not only did the evolutionary parting of human from chimpanzee ancestors occur more recently than had been indicated by previous data, but it also played out over an extended period during which forerunners of people and chimps interbred', Bruce Bower, Science News (May 20, 2006)

[6] Patterson, N.; Richter, D. J.; Gnerre, S.; Lander, E. S.; Reich, D. (2006). "Genetic evidence for complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees". Nature. 441 (7097): 1103–1108. Bibcode:2006Natur.441.1103P. doi:10.1038/nature04789. PMID 16710306. S2CID 2325560.

[7] Hopkin, M. (2005), "First chimp fossil unearthed", Nature, doi:10.1038/news050829-10

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