Paragonimiasis

Paragonimiasis
Paragonimiasis
	Photomicrograph showing ova within lung parenchyma
Specialty	Infectious diseases, helminthology
Symptoms	Fever, malaise, cough, chest pain
Complications	Seizures
Duration	months or years
Causes	Paragonimus flatworms
Risk factors	Eating undercooked crabs and crawfish
Diagnostic method	Blood test, CT scan, serologic test
Differential diagnosis	Tuberculosis
Prevention	Eating thoroughly cooked crustaceans
Medication	Praziquantel, Triclabendazole
Frequency	23 million

Paragonimiasis is a food-borne parasitic disease caused by several species of lung flukes belonging to genus Paragonimus.^[4] Infection is acquired by eating crustaceans such as crabs and crayfishes which host the infective forms called metacercariae, or by eating raw or undercooked meat of mammals harboring the metacercariae from crustaceans.^[5]

More than 40 species of Paragonimus have been identified; 10 of these are known to cause disease in humans.^[6] The most common cause of human paragonimiasis is P. westermani, the oriental lung fluke.^[7]

About 22 million people are estimated to be affected yearly worldwide.^[8] It is particularly common in East Asia. Paragonimiasis is easily mistaken for other diseases with which it shares clinical symptoms, such as tuberculosis and lung cancer.^[5]

^ ^a ^b Ratini, Melinda, ed. (2019-04-02). "Paragonimiasis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment - WebMD". WebMD. Archived from the original on 2019-11-12. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
^ Fischer, Peter U.; Weil, Gary J.; Wilkins, Patricia P.; Marcos, Luis A.; Folk, Scott M.; Curtis, Kurt C. (2013). "Serological Diagnosis of North American Paragonimiasis by Western Blot Using Paragonimus kellicotti Adult Worm Antigen". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 88 (6): 1035–1040. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.12-0720. PMC 3752799. PMID 23589531.
^ Fischer, P. U.; Weil, G. J. (2015). "North American paragonimiasis: epidemiology and diagnostic strategies - National Library of Medicine". Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy. 13 (6). Peter U. Fisher, Gary J. Weil: 779–86. doi:10.1586/14787210.2015.1031745. PMID 25835312. S2CID 11364754.
^ Chai, Jong-Yil (2013). "Paragonimiasis". Neuroparasitology and Tropical Neurology. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 114. pp. 283–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53490-3.00023-6. ISBN 9780444534903. ISSN 0072-9752. PMID 23829919. S2CID 243875468.
^ ^a ^b Blair, David (2022). "Lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus: ancient and re-emerging pathogens". Parasitology. 149 (10): 1286–1295. doi:10.1017/S0031182022000300. PMC 10090773. PMID 35292126. S2CID 247474931.
^ Cong, Cung-Van; Anh, Tran-Thi Tuan; Ly, Tran-Thi; Duc, Nguyen Minh (2022). "Paragonimiasis diagnosed by CT-guided transthoracic lung biopsy: Literature review and case report". Radiology Case Reports. 17 (5): 1591–1597. doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2022.02.046. ISSN 1930-0433. PMC 8927937. PMID 35309377.
^ "Paragonimiasis". Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2010-10-13. Archived from the original on 2013-12-16. Retrieved 2012-09-06.
^ Haswell-Elkins MR, Elkins DB (1998). "Lung and liver flukes". In Collier L, Balows A, Sussman M (eds.). Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections. Vol. 5 (9th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 507–520. ISBN 978-0340663202.

[webmd-1] Ratini, Melinda, ed. (2019-04-02). "Paragonimiasis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment - WebMD". WebMD. Archived from the original on 2019-11-12. Retrieved 2019-04-02.

[2] Fischer, Peter U.; Weil, Gary J.; Wilkins, Patricia P.; Marcos, Luis A.; Folk, Scott M.; Curtis, Kurt C. (2013). "Serological Diagnosis of North American Paragonimiasis by Western Blot Using Paragonimus kellicotti Adult Worm Antigen". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 88 (6): 1035–1040. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.12-0720. PMC 3752799. PMID 23589531.

[NIH-3] Fischer, P. U.; Weil, G. J. (2015). "North American paragonimiasis: epidemiology and diagnostic strategies - National Library of Medicine". Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy. 13 (6). Peter U. Fisher, Gary J. Weil: 779–86. doi:10.1586/14787210.2015.1031745. PMID 25835312. S2CID 11364754.

[:3-4] Chai, Jong-Yil (2013). "Paragonimiasis". Neuroparasitology and Tropical Neurology. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 114. pp. 283–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53490-3.00023-6. ISBN 9780444534903. ISSN 0072-9752. PMID 23829919. S2CID 243875468.

[:2-5] Blair, David (2022). "Lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus: ancient and re-emerging pathogens". Parasitology. 149 (10): 1286–1295. doi:10.1017/S0031182022000300. PMC 10090773. PMID 35292126. S2CID 247474931.

[6] Cong, Cung-Van; Anh, Tran-Thi Tuan; Ly, Tran-Thi; Duc, Nguyen Minh (2022). "Paragonimiasis diagnosed by CT-guided transthoracic lung biopsy: Literature review and case report". Radiology Case Reports. 17 (5): 1591–1597. doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2022.02.046. ISSN 1930-0433. PMC 8927937. PMID 35309377.

[cdc-7] "Paragonimiasis". Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2010-10-13. Archived from the original on 2013-12-16. Retrieved 2012-09-06.

[8] Haswell-Elkins MR, Elkins DB (1998). "Lung and liver flukes". In Collier L, Balows A, Sussman M (eds.). Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections. Vol. 5 (9th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 507–520. ISBN 978-0340663202.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]