Parameshvara (IAST: Parameśvara, Sanskrit: परमेश्वर) is an epithet used in Hindu literature. The term usually indicates the Supreme Being and Supreme Reality in Hinduism. Vaishnavas consider Vishnu and his avatars such as Rama and Krishna as Parameshvara, while Shaivas consider Shiva as Parameshvara. In Shaktism, unlike in Shaivism and Vaishnavism, where Parameshvara is considered supreme, he plays a supporting role and is dependent on Parameshvari, that is the Adi Shakti/Mahadevi (known for her forms such as Durga, Tripura Sundari, Mahakali, Mahalakshmi, MahaSaraswati etc), Shakta traditions are focused on Parameshvari's superiority over Parameshvara, comparisons going as far as to calling Parameshwara a Shava (dead body) without Parameshwari (The supreme moving force of universe), whereas in Shaivism and Vaishnavism, she is considered the dependant consort of Parameshvara (as Uma/Sati/Parvati consort of Shiva in Shaivism and Lakshmi consort of Vishnu in Vaishnavism).[1][2][3][4][5] Beyond sectarian interpretations, Hindus regard Parameshvara as the ultimate and highest reality, eternally pervading all matter.[6] He is regarded by devotees to be totality itself, controlling the triple forces of creation, preservation, and destruction.[7]
- ^ Nisargadatta Maharaj (Jan 30, 2003). Nectar of Immortality: Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj's Discourses on the Eternal Front. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. p. 183. ISBN 9788120819481.
- ^ Swami Vivekananda (2007). "Brahmanism". Prabuddha Bharata: Or Awakened India. 112.
- ^ Constance Jones, James D. Ryan (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. p. 229. ISBN 9780816075645.
- ^ P. Govinda Pillai (2022). The Bhakti Movement:Renaissance Or Revivalism?. Taylor & Francis. p. 39. ISBN 9781000780390.
- ^ George Christopher Molesworth Birdwood (1971). The Industrial Arts of India. Chapman & Hall. p. 56. ISBN 9780900636011.
Vishnu is the second person in the tri-murti or triple form, and personifies the pre-serving power of nature. His followers identify him with Nara- yana [Plate C, Fig.1], and Parameswara, and represent him as the progenitor of Siva and Brahma.
- ^ Mark S. G. Dyczkowski (1992). The Stanzas on Vibration: The SpandaKarika with Four Commentaries: The SpandaSamdoha by Ksemaraja, The SpandaVrtti by Kallatabhatta, The SpandaVivrti by Rajanaka Rama, The SpandaPradipika by Bhagavadutpala. SUNY Press. p. 212. ISBN 9780791412619.
- ^ Steven Kossak, Martin Lerner (1994). The Arts of South and Southeast Asia, Vol.51, Issue 4. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 6.
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