A passive attack on a cryptosystem is one in which the cryptanalyst cannot interact with any of the parties involved, attempting to break the system solely based upon observed data (i.e. the ciphertext).[1][2] This can also include known plaintext attacks where both the plaintext and its corresponding ciphertext are known.
While active attackers can interact with the parties by sending data, a passive attacker is limited to intercepting communications (eavesdropping), and seeks to decrypt data by interpreting the transcripts of authentication sessions.[3][4] Since passive attackers do not introduce data of their own, they can be difficult to detect.[5]
While most classical ciphers are vulnerable to this form of attack, most modern ciphers are designed to prevent this type of attack above all others.
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