Pathogen-associated molecular pattern

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are small molecular motifs conserved within a class of microbes, but not present in the host.^[1] They are recognized by toll-like receptors (TLRs) and other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in both plants and animals.^[2] This allows the innate immune system to recognize pathogens and thus, protect the host from infection.^[3]^: 494

This initiation of the immune response consists of the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines.^[4] PAMPs can initiate the maturation of immune cells, which can travel to the primary lymph node and trigger the adaptive immune system that involves the production of antibodies against specific antigens.^[5]

Although the term "PAMP" is relatively new, the concept that molecules derived from microbes must be detected by receptors from multicellular organisms has been held for many decades, and references to an "endotoxin receptor" are found in much of the older literature. The recognition of PAMPs by the PRRs triggers activation of several signaling cascades in the host immune cells like the stimulation of interferons (IFNs)^[6] or other cytokines.^[7]

^ Tang D, Kang R, Coyne CB, Zeh HJ, Lotze MT (September 2012). "PAMPs and DAMPs: signal 0s that spur autophagy and immunity". Immunological Reviews. 249 (1): 158–175. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2012.01146.x. PMC 3662247. PMID 22889221.
^ Ingle RA, Carstens M, Denby KJ (September 2006). "PAMP recognition and the plant-pathogen arms race". BioEssays. 28 (9): 880–889. doi:10.1002/bies.20457. PMID 16937346. S2CID 26861625.
^ Levinson W (2016). Review of medical microbiology and immunology (14th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-0-07-184574-8. OCLC 951918628.
^ Ciaston I, Dobosz E, Potempa J, Koziel J (December 2022). "The subversion of toll-like receptor signaling by bacterial and viral proteases during the development of infectious diseases". Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 88: 101143. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2022.101143. PMC 9924004. PMID 36152458.
^ Lester SN, Li K (March 2014). "Toll-like receptors in antiviral innate immunity". Journal of Molecular Biology. Antiviral Innate Immunity (Part II). 426 (6): 1246–1264. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2013.11.024. PMC 3943763. PMID 24316048.
^ Pichlmair A, Reis e Sousa C (September 2007). "Innate recognition of viruses". Immunity. 27 (3): 370–383. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2007.08.012. PMID 17892846.
^ Akira S, Uematsu S, Takeuchi O (February 2006). "Pathogen recognition and innate immunity". Cell. 124 (4): 783–801. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.015. PMID 16497588.

[1] Tang D, Kang R, Coyne CB, Zeh HJ, Lotze MT (September 2012). "PAMPs and DAMPs: signal 0s that spur autophagy and immunity". Immunological Reviews. 249 (1): 158–175. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2012.01146.x. PMC 3662247. PMID 22889221.

[Ingleetal2006-2] Ingle RA, Carstens M, Denby KJ (September 2006). "PAMP recognition and the plant-pathogen arms race". BioEssays. 28 (9): 880–889. doi:10.1002/bies.20457. PMID 16937346. S2CID 26861625.

[3] Levinson W (2016). Review of medical microbiology and immunology (14th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-0-07-184574-8. OCLC 951918628.

[4] Ciaston I, Dobosz E, Potempa J, Koziel J (December 2022). "The subversion of toll-like receptor signaling by bacterial and viral proteases during the development of infectious diseases". Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 88: 101143. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2022.101143. PMC 9924004. PMID 36152458.

[5] Lester SN, Li K (March 2014). "Toll-like receptors in antiviral innate immunity". Journal of Molecular Biology. Antiviral Innate Immunity (Part II). 426 (6): 1246–1264. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2013.11.024. PMC 3943763. PMID 24316048.

[6] Pichlmair A, Reis e Sousa C (September 2007). "Innate recognition of viruses". Immunity. 27 (3): 370–383. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2007.08.012. PMID 17892846.

[7] Akira S, Uematsu S, Takeuchi O (February 2006). "Pathogen recognition and innate immunity". Cell. 124 (4): 783–801. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.015. PMID 16497588.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]