Pathological lying

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Pathological lying, also known as mythomania (from Greek μυθομανία) and pseudologia fantastica (Latin for "fantastic pseudology"), is a chronic behavior characterized by the habitual or compulsive tendency to lie.^[1][2][3][4] It involves a pervasive pattern of intentionally making false statements with the aim of deceiving others, sometimes without a clear or apparent reason, or even if the truth is beneficial to the liar. Individuals who engage in pathological lying often claim to be unaware of the motivations behind their lies.^{[5][6][7][8][9]}

In psychology and psychiatry, there is an ongoing debate regarding whether pathological lying should be classified as a distinct disorder or viewed as a symptom of other underlying conditions.^[3][4] The lack of widely agreed-upon description or diagnostic criteria for pathological lying has contributed to the controversy surrounding its definition.^[4][7][8] However, efforts have been made to establish diagnostic criteria based on research and assessment data, aligning with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).^[10] Various theories have been proposed to explain the causes of pathological lying, including stress, an attempt to shift locus of control to an internal one, and issues related to low self-esteem.^[8][6][7][9] Some researchers have suggested a biopsychosocial-developmental model to explain this concept.^[11] While theories have explored potential causes, the precise factors contributing to pathological lying have yet to be determined.

The phenomenon was first described in medical literature in 1890 by G. Stanley Hall and in 1891 by Anton Delbrück.^[1][3][9]