Back الحزب الديمقراطي الشعبي الأفغاني Arabic Народна-дэмакратычная партыя Афганістана Byelorussian Народна демократична партия на Афганистан Bulgarian Partit Democràtic Popular de l'Afganistan Catalan Demokratische Volkspartei Afghanistans German Λαϊκό Δημοκρατικό Κόμμα του Αφγανιστάν Greek Partido Democrático Popular de Afganistán Spanish حزب دموکراتیک خلق افغانستان Persian Afganistanin kansandemokraattinen puolue Finnish Parti démocratique populaire d'Afghanistan French

People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan

"Communist Party of Afghanistan" redirects here. For the communist party founded in 2004, see Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan.

People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
Pashto nameد افغانستان د خلق دموکراټیک ګوند
Persian nameحزب دموکراتيک خلق افغانستان
AbbreviationPDPA
General Secretaries
Founders
Founded1 January 1965 (1965-01-01)
Banned6 May 1992 (1992-05-06)[1]
Succeeded byHomeland Party
HeadquartersKabul, Afghanistan
Newspaper
  • Khalq (1966)
  • Parcham (1969)
Youth wingDemocratic Youth Organisation of Afghanistan
Women's wingDemocratic Women's Organisation of Afghanistan
Membership (late 1980s)160,000[2]
Ideology
Political positionFar-left[10][11]
National affiliation
Colors    Red and yellow
AnthemAnthem of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (composed by Mashoor Jamal)
Party flag

The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA)[note 1], known as the Homeland Party (Dari: حزب وطن, Hezb-e Watan) from June 1990,[12] was a Marxist–Leninist political party in Afghanistan established on 1 January 1965. Four members of the party won seats in the 1965 Afghan parliamentary election, reduced to two seats in 1969, albeit both before the party was fully legal. For most of its existence, the party was split between the hardline Khalq and moderate Parcham factions, each of which claimed to represent the "true" PDPA.[13]

The party adhered to Marxist–Leninist ideology and toed a staunch pro-Soviet political line.[14] The PDPA's secret constitution, which was adopted by the party during its founding congress in January 1965 but never publicly released to party cadres,[15][16] described itself as "the vanguard of the working class and all laborers in Afghanistan" and defined its party ideology as "the practical experience of Marxism–Leninism".[17][18] While PDPA's internal documents incorporated explicitly Marxist terminology,[19][16] the party refrained from formally branding itself as "communist" in public, instead using labels such as "national democratic" and "socialist".[20] PDPA's public platform document published in April 1966 asserted that its political objectives involved the creation of a "democratic national government" as well as the long-term goal of establishing a socialist state.[21]

The Khalq-Parcham organizational split erupted within the PDPA in 1967. While the Khalqists adhered to rigid Marxist–Leninist dogma and toed a militant revolutionary line, the Parchamis wanted to establish a "common front" with other left-wing parties.[22] In July 1977, Khalq and Parcham factions re-merged into the PDPA after Soviet mediation, with the objective of preparing a coup against Daoud Khan's regime.[23][24] During the initial period of Khalqist rule from 1978 to 1979, PDPA portrayed itself as advancing a "socialist revolution" in Afghanistan. After the ouster and killing of Hafizullah Amin in a palace coup launched by Soviet military forces in December 1979, a Parchamite-dominated PDPA claimed that its government was facilitating what it described as the "national-democratic stage" of Marxist transformation.[25][26] In its final years, the party gradually moved away from Marxism–Leninism and towards Afghan nationalism.[27]

While a minority, the party helped Mohammad Daoud Khan, former Prime Minister of Afghanistan, overthrow King Mohammad Zahir Shah in 1973 and establish the Republic of Afghanistan. Initially, the PDPA was highly represented in the government cabinet, but many PDPA officials were later dismissed as relations between the party and President Khan worsened. In 1978, the PDPA, with help from members of the Afghan National Army, seized power from Daoud Khan in what became known as the Saur Revolution. The PDPA led by Nur Muhammad Taraki established the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, which would last until 1987. After National Reconciliation talks in 1987, the official name of the country reverted to the Republic of Afghanistan (as it was known before 1978). Under the leadership of Mohammad Najibullah in 1990, the party was renamed the Homeland Party and much of the party's symbols and policies were altered or removed. The republic lasted until 1992, when mujahideen rebels seized the capital Kabul and took over the country's government. The PDPA was subsequently dissolved, with some officials joining the new government, some joining militias, and others deserting.[28]

  1. ^ "Миссия в Кабул. Секретный полет". Телеканал «Звезда» (in Russian). Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  2. ^ "Internal Refugees: Flight to the Cities". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
  3. ^ Azmi, Muhammad R. (Spring 1986). "Soviet Politico-Military Penetration in Afghanistan, 1955 to 1979". Armed Forces & Society. 12 (3). Sage Publishing: 336, 337. doi:10.1177/0095327X8601200301. JSTOR 45304853.
  4. ^ a b "From Communism to Nationalism? The Trajectory of "Post-Communist" Ideology in Afghanistan" (PDF). Department of Politics, University of Otago, New Zealand. Retrieved 20 February 2025. In fact, it is the contention of this paper that the evidence of The Kabul Times shows that the PDPA moved from a leftist-nationalist position in its earliest incarnation to one of Afghan nationalism by its end.
  5. ^ "Afghanistan's Two-Party Communism: Parcham and Khalq" (PDF). Hoover Instituion Press. 1983. Retrieved 20 February 2025. The program also served to beguile some Western analysts who continued to insist. even after the 1978 coup. that the PDPA was a leftist-nationalist and not just a pro-Soviet party.
  6. ^ https://archive.org/details/afghanistanstwop00anth_0/page/n19/mode/2up
  7. ^ https://www.jstor.org/stable/3879829
  8. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20180116004858/http://www.historynet.com/afghanistan-fiasco.htm
  9. ^ https://archive.org/details/afghanistanstwop00anth_0/page/n19/mode/2up
  10. ^ "A Look at Slogans and Chants in Afghan History". VOA News. 13 August 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2025. Zyar said the far-left PDPA-led Afghan government came up with pro-farmers slogans such as "Tal De Vee Kargar" ("long live the laborer"); "Mzaka da Dehqanano da" ("land belongs to farmers"), an attempt to abolish absentee land lordship; and "Kor, Dodai, Kali" ("home, bread, clothes").
  11. ^ "Taliban strives to repeat Afghanistan's deadly history with new spring offensive". The Defense Post. 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2025. Exactly 40 years ago, in the early spring of April 1978, the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, a far-left party with pro-Soviet orientation, overthrew the government of Mohammad Daoud Khan in a bloody coup d'état.
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ "Afghanistan". publishing.cdlib.org.
  14. ^ Amstutz 1994, p. 32.
  15. ^ Amstutz 1994, pp. 32, 62.
  16. ^ a b Arnold 1983, pp. xii, 149.
  17. ^ Azmi, Muhammad R. (Spring 1986). "Soviet Politico-Military Penetration in Afghanistan, 1955 to 1979". Armed Forces & Society. 12 (3). Sage Publishing: 336, 337. doi:10.1177/0095327X8601200301. JSTOR 45304853.
  18. ^ Arnold 1983, p. 149.
  19. ^ Amstutz 1994, p. 34.
  20. ^ "Disclaimer Notice" (PDF). apps.dtic.mil. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2019.
  21. ^ Arnold 1983, pp. xii, 137, 148.
  22. ^ Arnold 1983, p. 38.
  23. ^ Azmi, Muhammad R. (Spring 1986). "Soviet Politico-Military Penetration in Afghanistan, 1955 to 1979". Armed Forces & Society. 12 (3). Sage Publishing: 339. doi:10.1177/0095327X8601200301. JSTOR 45304853.
  24. ^ Arnold 1983, pp. 52–56.
  25. ^ Amstutz 1994, p. 86.
  26. ^ Arnold 1983, pp. 104–108, 133.
  27. ^ "From Communism to Nationalism? The Trajectory of "Post-Communist" Ideology in Afghanistan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2021.
  28. ^ "Afghanistan: Blood-Stained Hands: II. Historical Background". www.hrw.org. Archived from the original on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2018.


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