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Phased array

Animation showing the radiation pattern of a phased array of 15 antenna elements spaced a quarter wavelength apart as the phase difference between adjacent antennas is swept between −120 and 120 degrees. The dark area is the beam or main lobe, while the light lines fanning out around it are sidelobes.

In antenna theory, a phased array usually means an electronically scanned array, a computer-controlled array of antennas which creates a beam of radio waves that can be electronically steered to point in different directions without moving the antennas.[1][2][3][4][5][6]

In a phased array, the power from the transmitter is fed to the radiating elements through devices called phase shifters, controlled by a computer system, which can alter the phase or signal delay electronically, thus steering the beam of radio waves to a different direction. Since the size of an antenna array must extend many wavelengths to achieve the high gain needed for narrow beamwidth, phased arrays are mainly practical at the high frequency end of the radio spectrum, in the UHF and microwave bands, in which the operating wavelengths are conveniently small.

Phased arrays were originally invented for use in military radar systems, to detect fast moving planes and missiles, but are now widely used and have spread to civilian applications such as 5G MIMO for cell phones. The phased array principle is also used in acoustics is such applications as phased array ultrasonics, and in optics.

The term "phased array" is also used to a lesser extent for unsteered array antennas in which the radiation pattern of the antenna array is fixed,[5][7] For example, AM broadcast radio antennas consisting of multiple mast radiators are also called "phased arrays".

  1. ^ Milligan, Thomas A. (2005). Modern Antenna Design, 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons. p. 102. ISBN 0471720607.
  2. ^ Balanis, Constantine A. (2015). Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th Ed. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 302–303. ISBN 978-1119178989.
  3. ^ Stutzman, Warren L.; Thiele, Gary A. (2012). Antenna Theory and Design. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 271, 315. ISBN 978-0470576649.
  4. ^ Lida, Takashi (2000). Satellite Communications: System and Its Design Technology. IOS Press. p. 126. ISBN 4274903796.
  5. ^ a b Visser, Hubregt J. (2006). Array and Phased Array Antenna Basics. John Wiley & Sons. pp. xi. ISBN 0470871180.
  6. ^ Mazda, Xerxes; Mazda, F. F. (1999). The Focal Illustrated Dictionary of Telecommunications. Taylor & Francis. p. 476. ISBN 0240515447.
  7. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from Federal Standard 1037C. General Services Administration. Archived from the original on 2022-01-22. (in support of MIL-STD-188). Definition of Phased Array Archived 2004-10-21 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 27 April 2006.

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