Plant embryonic development

Plant embryonic development, also plant embryogenesis, is a process that occurs after the fertilization of an ovule to produce a fully developed plant embryo. This is a pertinent stage in the plant life cycle that is followed by dormancy and germination.^[1] The zygote produced after fertilization must undergo various cellular divisions and differentiations to become a mature embryo.^[1] An end stage embryo has five major components including the shoot apical meristem, hypocotyl, root meristem, root cap, and cotyledons.^[1] Unlike the embryonic development in animals, and specifically in humans, plant embryonic development results in an immature form of the plant, lacking most structures like leaves, stems, and reproductive structures.^[2] However, both plants and animals including humans, pass through a phylotypic stage that evolved independently^[3] and that causes a developmental constraint limiting morphological diversification.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

^ ^a ^b ^c Goldberg, Robert; Paiva, Genaro; Yadegari, Ramin (October 28, 1994). "Plant Embryogenesis: Zygote to Seed". Science. 266 (5185): 605–614. Bibcode:1994Sci...266..605G. doi:10.1126/science.266.5185.605. PMID 17793455. S2CID 5959508.
^ Jurgens, Gerd (May 19, 1995). "Axis formation in plant embryogenesis: cues and clues". Cell. 81 (4): 467–470. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90065-9. PMID 7758100. S2CID 17143479.
^ Drost, Hajk-Georg; Janitza, Philipp; Grosse, Ivo; Quint, Marcel (2017). "Cross-kingdom comparison of the developmental hourglass". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 45: 69–75. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2017.03.003. PMID 28347942.
^ Irie, Naoki; Kuratani, Shigeru (2011-03-22). "Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals vertebrate phylotypic period during organogenesis". Nature Communications. 2: 248. Bibcode:2011NatCo...2..248I. doi:10.1038/ncomms1248. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 3109953. PMID 21427719.
^ Domazet-Lošo, Tomislav; Tautz, Diethard (2010-12-09). "A phylogenetically based transcriptome age index mirrors ontogenetic divergence patterns". Nature. 468 (7325): 815–818. Bibcode:2010Natur.468..815D. doi:10.1038/nature09632. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 21150997. S2CID 1417664.
^ Quint, Marcel; Drost, Hajk-Georg; Gabel, Alexander; Ullrich, Kristian Karsten; Bönn, Markus; Grosse, Ivo (2012-10-04). "A transcriptomic hourglass in plant embryogenesis". Nature. 490 (7418): 98–101. Bibcode:2012Natur.490...98Q. doi:10.1038/nature11394. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 22951968. S2CID 4404460.
^ Drost, Hajk-Georg; Gabel, Alexander; Grosse, Ivo; Quint, Marcel (2015-05-01). "Evidence for Active Maintenance of Phylotranscriptomic Hourglass Patterns in Animal and Plant Embryogenesis". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 32 (5): 1221–1231. doi:10.1093/molbev/msv012. ISSN 0737-4038. PMC 4408408. PMID 25631928.

[Mr.Yuttana-1] Goldberg, Robert; Paiva, Genaro; Yadegari, Ramin (October 28, 1994). "Plant Embryogenesis: Zygote to Seed". Science. 266 (5185): 605–614. Bibcode:1994Sci...266..605G. doi:10.1126/science.266.5185.605. PMID 17793455. S2CID 5959508.

[:1-2] Jurgens, Gerd (May 19, 1995). "Axis formation in plant embryogenesis: cues and clues". Cell. 81 (4): 467–470. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90065-9. PMID 7758100. S2CID 17143479.

[3] Drost, Hajk-Georg; Janitza, Philipp; Grosse, Ivo; Quint, Marcel (2017). "Cross-kingdom comparison of the developmental hourglass". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 45: 69–75. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2017.03.003. PMID 28347942.

[4] Irie, Naoki; Kuratani, Shigeru (2011-03-22). "Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals vertebrate phylotypic period during organogenesis". Nature Communications. 2: 248. Bibcode:2011NatCo...2..248I. doi:10.1038/ncomms1248. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 3109953. PMID 21427719.

[5] Domazet-Lošo, Tomislav; Tautz, Diethard (2010-12-09). "A phylogenetically based transcriptome age index mirrors ontogenetic divergence patterns". Nature. 468 (7325): 815–818. Bibcode:2010Natur.468..815D. doi:10.1038/nature09632. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 21150997. S2CID 1417664.

[6] Quint, Marcel; Drost, Hajk-Georg; Gabel, Alexander; Ullrich, Kristian Karsten; Bönn, Markus; Grosse, Ivo (2012-10-04). "A transcriptomic hourglass in plant embryogenesis". Nature. 490 (7418): 98–101. Bibcode:2012Natur.490...98Q. doi:10.1038/nature11394. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 22951968. S2CID 4404460.

[7] Drost, Hajk-Georg; Gabel, Alexander; Grosse, Ivo; Quint, Marcel (2015-05-01). "Evidence for Active Maintenance of Phylotranscriptomic Hourglass Patterns in Animal and Plant Embryogenesis". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 32 (5): 1221–1231. doi:10.1093/molbev/msv012. ISSN 0737-4038. PMC 4408408. PMID 25631928.

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