Polar wind

The polar wind or plasma fountain is a permanent outflow of plasma from the polar regions of Earth's magnetosphere.^[2]^: 29 Conceptually similar to the solar wind, it is one of several mechanisms for the outflow of ionized particles. Ions accelerated by a polarization electric field known as an ambipolar electric field is believed to be the primary cause of polar wind. Similar processes operate on other planets.^[3]

^ Plasma fountain Source, press release: Carlowicz, Mike; "Solar Wind Squeezes Some of Earth's Atmosphere into Space", December 1998
^ Schunk, R. W.; Nagy, Andrew (2000). Ionospheres: physics, plasma physics, and chemistry. Cambridge atmospheric and space science series. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-63237-9.
^ Gronoff, G.; Arras, P.; Baraka, S.; Bell, J. M.; Cessateur, G.; Cohen, O.; Curry, S. M.; Drake, J. J.; Elrod, M.; Erwin, J.; Garcia-Sage, K.; Garraffo, C.; Glocer, A.; Heavens, N. G.; Lovato, K. (August 2020). "Atmospheric Escape Processes and Planetary Atmospheric Evolution". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 125 (8). arXiv:2003.03231. Bibcode:2020JGRA..12527639G. doi:10.1029/2019JA027639. ISSN 2169-9380.

[1] Plasma fountain Source, press release: Carlowicz, Mike; "Solar Wind Squeezes Some of Earth's Atmosphere into Space", December 1998

[SchunkNagy2000-2] Schunk, R. W.; Nagy, Andrew (2000). Ionospheres: physics, plasma physics, and chemistry. Cambridge atmospheric and space science series. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-63237-9.

[GronoffReview2020-3] Gronoff, G.; Arras, P.; Baraka, S.; Bell, J. M.; Cessateur, G.; Cohen, O.; Curry, S. M.; Drake, J. J.; Elrod, M.; Erwin, J.; Garcia-Sage, K.; Garraffo, C.; Glocer, A.; Heavens, N. G.; Lovato, K. (August 2020). "Atmospheric Escape Processes and Planetary Atmospheric Evolution". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 125 (8). arXiv:2003.03231. Bibcode:2020JGRA..12527639G. doi:10.1029/2019JA027639. ISSN 2169-9380.

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