Poliovirus

Poliovirus
	TEM micrograph of poliovirus virions. Scale bar (white): 50 nm
	A type 3 poliovirus capsid, protein side chains coloured
Virus classification
(unranked):	Virus
Realm:	Riboviria
Kingdom:	Orthornavirae
Phylum:	Pisuviricota
Class:	Pisoniviricetes
Order:	Picornavirales
Family:	Picornaviridae
Genus:	Enterovirus
Species:	Enterovirus C
Virus:	Poliovirus
Serotypes
	PV-1 (Poliovirus-1); PV-2 (Poliovirus-2); PV-3 (Poliovirus-3);

Poliovirus, the causative agent of polio (also known as poliomyelitis), is a serotype of the species Enterovirus C, in the family of Picornaviridae.^[1] There are three poliovirus serotypes: types 1, 2, and 3.

Poliovirus is composed of an RNA genome and a protein capsid. The genome is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA (+ssRNA) genome that is about 7500 nucleotides long.^[2] The viral particle is about 30 nm in diameter with icosahedral symmetry. Because of its short genome and its simple composition—only RNA and a nonenveloped icosahedral protein coat that encapsulates it—poliovirus is widely regarded as the simplest significant virus.^[3]

Poliovirus was first isolated in 1909 by Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper.^[4] The structure of the virus was first elucidated in 1958 using X-ray diffraction by a team at Birkbeck College led by Rosalind Franklin,^[5]^[6] showing the polio virus to have icosahedral symmetry.^[7]

In 1981, the poliovirus genome was published by two different teams of researchers: by Vincent Racaniello and David Baltimore at MIT^[8] and by Naomi Kitamura and Eckard Wimmer at Stony Brook University.^[9]

The three-dimensional structure of poliovirus was determined in 1985 by James Hogle at Scripps Research Institute using X-ray crystallography.^[10]

Poliovirus is one of the most well-characterized viruses, and has become a useful model system for understanding the biology of RNA viruses.

^ Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0.^{[page needed]}
^ Hogle JM (2002). "Poliovirus cell entry: common structural themes in viral cell entry pathways". Annual Review of Microbiology. 56: 677–702. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160757. PMC 1500891. PMID 12142481.
^ Goodsell DS (1998). The machinery of life. New York: Copernicus. ISBN 978-0-387-98273-1.^{[page needed]}
^ Paul JR (1971). A History of Poliomyelitis. (Yale studies in the history of science and medicine). New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-01324-5.^{[page needed]}
^ "Behind the picture: Rosalind Franklin and the polio model". Medical Research Council. 2019-03-14. Archived from the original on 2018-10-30. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
^ Maddox B (2003). Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA. London: Harper Collins. p. 296. ISBN 0-00-655211-0. Archived from the original on 2023-01-14. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
^ Brown A (2007). J.D. Bernal: The Sage of Science. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 359–61. ISBN 978-0-19-920565-3.
^ Racaniello VR, Baltimore D (August 1981). "Molecular cloning of poliovirus cDNA and determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of the viral genome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 78 (8): 4887–91. Bibcode:1981PNAS...78.4887R. doi:10.1073/pnas.78.8.4887. PMC 320284. PMID 6272282.
^ Kitamura N, Semler BL, Rothberg PG, Larsen GR, Adler CJ, Dorner AJ, et al. (June 1981). "Primary structure, gene organization and polypeptide expression of poliovirus RNA". Nature. 291 (5816): 547–53. Bibcode:1981Natur.291..547K. doi:10.1038/291547a0. PMID 6264310. S2CID 4352308.
^ Hogle JM, Chow M, Filman DJ (27 Sep 1985). "Three-dimensional structure of poliovirus at 2.9 A resolution". Science. 229 (4720): 1358–65. doi:10.1126/science.2994218. PMID 2994218.

[Sherris-1] Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0.^{[page needed]}

[Hogle-2] Hogle JM (2002). "Poliovirus cell entry: common structural themes in viral cell entry pathways". Annual Review of Microbiology. 56: 677–702. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160757. PMC 1500891. PMID 12142481.

[Goodsell-3] Goodsell DS (1998). The machinery of life. New York: Copernicus. ISBN 978-0-387-98273-1.^{[page needed]}

[Paul_1971-4] Paul JR (1971). A History of Poliomyelitis. (Yale studies in the history of science and medicine). New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-01324-5.^{[page needed]}

[5] "Behind the picture: Rosalind Franklin and the polio model". Medical Research Council. 2019-03-14. Archived from the original on 2018-10-30. Retrieved 4 September 2019.

[6] Maddox B (2003). Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA. London: Harper Collins. p. 296. ISBN 0-00-655211-0. Archived from the original on 2023-01-14. Retrieved 2020-05-15.

[7] Brown A (2007). J.D. Bernal: The Sage of Science. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 359–61. ISBN 978-0-19-920565-3.

[Racaniello1981-8] Racaniello VR, Baltimore D (August 1981). "Molecular cloning of poliovirus cDNA and determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of the viral genome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 78 (8): 4887–91. Bibcode:1981PNAS...78.4887R. doi:10.1073/pnas.78.8.4887. PMC 320284. PMID 6272282.

[Kitamura-9] Kitamura N, Semler BL, Rothberg PG, Larsen GR, Adler CJ, Dorner AJ, et al. (June 1981). "Primary structure, gene organization and polypeptide expression of poliovirus RNA". Nature. 291 (5816): 547–53. Bibcode:1981Natur.291..547K. doi:10.1038/291547a0. PMID 6264310. S2CID 4352308.

[Hogle1985-10] Hogle JM, Chow M, Filman DJ (27 Sep 1985). "Three-dimensional structure of poliovirus at 2.9 A resolution". Science. 229 (4720): 1358–65. doi:10.1126/science.2994218. PMID 2994218.

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