Back سياسة باكستان Arabic Pakistanın dövlət quruluşu Azerbaijani Държавно устройство на Пакистан Bulgarian পাকিস্তানের রাজনীতি Bengali/Bangla Πολιτικά του Πακιστάν Greek Política de Pakistán Spanish Pakistango politika Basque سیاست در پاکستان Persian Politique au Pakistan French पाकिस्तान की राजनीति Hindi
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The Politics of Pakistan (سیاسیاتِ پاکستان ; ISO: Siyāsiyāt-e-Pākistāna) takes place within the framework established by the constitution. The country is a federal parliamentary republic in which provincial governments enjoy a high degree of autonomy and residuary powers. Executive power is vested with the national cabinet which is headed by Prime Minister of Pakistan (Shehbaz Sharif since 3 March, 2024), who works with the bicameral parliament and the judiciary.[1] Stipulations set by the constitution provide a delicate check and balance of sharing powers between executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the government.[2]
The head of state is the president who is elected by the electoral college for a five-year term. Asif Ali Zardari is currently the president of Pakistan (since 2024). The president was a significant authority until the 18th amendment, passed in 2010, stripped the presidency of most of its powers. Since then, Pakistan has shifted from a Semi-presidential system to a purely parliamentary government. Since the amendment, the president's powers include the right to pardon and the ability to suspend or moderate any sentence passed by any court or authority.[3]
The government consists of three branches: executive, legislative and judicial. The Executive branch consists of the Cabinet and is led by the Prime Minister. It is totally independent of the legislative branch that consists of a bicameral parliament. The Upper House is the Senate whilst the National Assembly is the lower house.[4] The Judicial branch forms with the composition of the Supreme Court as an apex court, alongside the high courts and other inferior courts.[5][6] The judiciary's function is to interpret the Constitution and federal laws and regulations.[7][8]
Pakistan is a multiparty democracy where several political parties compete for seats in the National and Provincial assemblies. However, as an aftermath of the Fall of Dhaka in 1971, a two-party system was developed between the People's Party and Muslim League. There has also been a sharp rise in the popularity of centrist parties such as PML-Q and PTI.[9][10] The Armed Forces has historically played an influential role in the country's politics, although it has declined in recent years.[11] From 1950s to 2000s, several coups were staged that overthrew democratic regimes.[12][13][14][15] After the resignation of President Pervez Musharraf in 2008, a sharp line has been drawn between the "military establishment" and politics and Pakistan is moving closer to becoming a democracy after general elections in 2013.[16][17] Imran Khan ascended to leadership in 2018 with the backing of the military, but was subsequently removed from power in 2022 after losing that support.[18][19] However, he won re-election in 2024.[11] No Prime Minister of Pakistan has ever completed their full length tenure.[20] I
The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Pakistan an "authoritarian regime" in 2023.[21][needs update] According to the V-Dem Democracy indices Pakistan was 2023 the 20th most electoral democratic country in Asia.[22] In 2023, according to Freedom in the World, report by Freedom House, Pakistan is categorised as a "partly free" country and it is categorised as "not free" in terms of internet freedom.[23]
- ^ "Part I: "Introductory"".
- ^ See Part III: The Federation of Pakistan of the Constitution of Pakistan
- ^ "Chapter 3: "The Federal Government" of Part III: "The Federation of Pakistan"".
- ^ Parliament of Pakistan. "Parliament of Pakistan". na.gov.pk/. Parliament of Pakistan press. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
- ^ Supreme Court. "Court system of Pakistan" (PDF). supremecourt.gov.pk/. Supreme Court of Pakistan Press, PDF. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
- ^ Supreme Court of Pakistan press. "Judicature Branch". supremecourt.gov.pk/. Supreme Court of Pakistan press. Archived from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
- ^ "The Judicature". Archived from the original on 24 November 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
- ^ "Chapter 1: "The President" of Part III: "The Federation of Pakistan"".
- ^ Haqqani, Husain (2005). Pakistan between mosque and military. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. ISBN 0870032852.
- ^ Aziz, c Mazhar (2009). Military control in Pakistan : the parallel state (Transferred to digital printing. ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415544740.
- ^ a b Malik, Adeel; Tudor, Maya (2024). "Pakistan's Coming Crisis". Journal of Democracy. 35 (3): 69–83. ISSN 1086-3214.
- ^ Hasan, Mubashir (2000). The mirage of power. Karachi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195793000.
- ^ Jones, Owen Bennett (2003). Pakistan eye of the storm (2nd ed.). New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300101478.
- ^ Chadda, Maya (2000). Building democracy in South Asia : India, Nepal, Pakistan. Boulder [etc.]: L. Rienner. ISBN 1555878598.
- ^ Cohen, Stephen Philip (2006). The idea of Pakistan (Rev. ed.). Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0815715030.
- ^ Christophe Jaffrelot; translated by Beaumont Gillian, eds. (2004). A history of Pakistan origins (New ed.). London: Anthem. ISBN 1843311496.
- ^ Lieven, Anatol (2011). Pakistan a hard country (1st ed.). New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1610390231.
- ^ "The Military Disrupts Pakistan's Democracy Once Again".
- ^ "Pakistan: Five major issues to watch in 2023". Brookings. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
- ^ "No Pakistani prime minister has completed a full term in office". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
- ^ "Democracy Index 2022: Frontline democracy and the battle for Ukraine" (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
- ^ V-Dem Institute (2023). "The V-Dem Dataset". Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ "Pakistan: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report". Freedom House. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
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