Ponos or Ponus (Ancient Greek: Πόνος Pónos; 'Toil', 'Labor', 'Hardship')[1] is the personification of toil and stress.[2] According to Hesiod's Theogony, "painful" Ponos was the son of Eris (Strife), with no father mentioned.[3] Like all of the children of Eris given by Hesiod, Ponos is a personified abstraction allegorizing the meaning of his name, who represents one of the many harmful things which might be thought to result from discord and strife, with no other identity.[4]
Cicero has the equivalent personification of the meaning of the Latin word labor as the offspring of Erebus and Night (Erebo et Nocte).[5] Although Ponos has a negative connotation in Hesiod, in a poem of Lucian (2nd century AD), he is seen as having the positive aspect of leading to a virtuous life.[6]
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