Porcupine River

Porcupine River
Porcupine River
	Porcupine River
	Location of the mouth of the Porcupine River in Alaska
Native name	Ch’ôonjik (Gwichʼin)
Location
Countries	Canada; United States;
Territories/States	Yukon; Alaska;
Physical characteristics
Source	Nahoni Range
• location	Ogilvie Mountains, Yukon, Canada
• coordinates	65°28′N 139°32′W / 65.467°N 139.533°W
Mouth	Yukon River
• location	Fort Yukon, Alaska, United States
• coordinates	66°35′42″N 145°18′32″W / 66.59500°N 145.30889°W
• elevation	126 m (413 ft)
Length	916 km (569 mi)
Basin size	118,000 km2 (46,000 sq mi)
Discharge
• average	414 m3/s (14,600 cu ft/s)

The Porcupine River (Ch’ôonjik^[3] in Gwich’in) is a 916 km (569 mi) tributary of the Yukon River in Canada and the United States. It rises in the Ogilvie Mountains north of Dawson City, Yukon, Canada.^[4] From there it flows north through the community of Old Crow, veers southwest into the U.S. state of Alaska, and enters the larger river at Fort Yukon, Alaska.^[4] It derives its name from the Gwich'in word for the river, Ch'oonjik, or "Porcupine Quill River".

The Porcupine caribou herd, whose range includes the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) in Alaska, gets its name from its calving grounds around the Porcupine River.

Possible (but disputed) evidence of the oldest known human habitation in North America comes from a cave on one of the Porcupine's tributaries, the Bluefish River. Many apparently human-modified animal bones have been discovered in the Bluefish Caves. Radiocarbon dating has assessed them as 25,000 to 40,000 years old—several thousand years earlier than the generally accepted date for human habitation of North America.^[5]

^ ^a ^b ^c "Porcupine River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. January 1, 2000. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
^ ^a ^b Benke and Cushing, p. 802
^ Holton, Gary (July 16, 2013). "Alaska Native Language Archive: Alaska Place Names". University of Alaska Fairbanks. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
^ ^a ^b Jettmar, Karen (2008) [1993]. The Alaska River Guide: Canoeing, Kayaking, and Rafting in the Last Frontier (3rd ed.). Birmingham, Alabama: Menasha Ridge Press. pp. 132–34. ISBN 978-0-89732-957-6.
^ Morlan, R.E. (1986). "Pleistocene archaeology in Old Crow Basin: a critical reappraisal". In Bryan, Alan Lyle (ed.). New Evidence for the Pleistocene Peopling of the Americas. Peopling of the Americas: Symposia series. Orono, Maine: Center for the Study of Early Man, University of Maine. pp. 27–48.

[gnis-1] "Porcupine River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. January 1, 2000. Retrieved November 3, 2013.

[Benke_802-2] Benke and Cushing, p. 802

[3] Holton, Gary (July 16, 2013). "Alaska Native Language Archive: Alaska Place Names". University of Alaska Fairbanks. Retrieved November 3, 2013.

[Alaska_River_Guide-4] Jettmar, Karen (2008) [1993]. The Alaska River Guide: Canoeing, Kayaking, and Rafting in the Last Frontier (3rd ed.). Birmingham, Alabama: Menasha Ridge Press. pp. 132–34. ISBN 978-0-89732-957-6.

[5] Morlan, R.E. (1986). "Pleistocene archaeology in Old Crow Basin: a critical reappraisal". In Bryan, Alan Lyle (ed.). New Evidence for the Pleistocene Peopling of the Americas. Peopling of the Americas: Symposia series. Orono, Maine: Center for the Study of Early Man, University of Maine. pp. 27–48.

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