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Estonia Republic of Estonia , is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe . It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland , to the west by the sea across from Sweden , to the south by Latvia , and to the east by Russia . The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland , the larger islands of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa , and over 2,300 other islands and islets on the east coast of the Baltic Sea. Its capital Tallinn and Tartu are the two largest urban areas . The Estonian language is the official language and the first language of the majority of its population of c. 1.4 million . Estonia is one of the least populous members of the European Union and NATO .
Present-day Estonia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 BC. The medieval indigenous population of Estonia was one of the last pagan civilisations in Europe to adopt Christianity following the Papal -sanctioned Northern Crusades in the 13th century. After centuries of foreign rule by the Teutonic Order , Denmark , Poland , Sweden , and the Russian Empire , a distinct Estonian national identity gained new momentum with the Estonian national awakening in the mid-19th century. This culminated in the 1918 Estonian Declaration of Independence from the then-warring Russian and German empires. Democratic throughout most of the interwar period , Estonia declared neutrality at the outbreak of World War II , but the country was repeatedly contested, invaded, and occupied , first by the Soviet Union (USSR) in 1940 , then Nazi Germany in 1941, and ultimately reoccupied in 1944 by, and annexed into, the USSR. Throughout the Soviet occupation, from World War II until 1991, Estonia's de jure state continuity was preserved by diplomatic representatives and the government-in-exile . Following the 1988–90 "Singing Revolution " against Soviet rule, full independence was restored on 20 August 1991 .
Estonia is a developed country with a high-income advanced economy and Eurozone membership. It is a democratic unitary parliamentary republic , administratively subdivided into 15 maakond (counties) . Estonia is among the least corrupt countries in the world and ranks very highly in international rankings for education , human development , press freedom , digitalisation of public services, and the prevalence of technology companies. One of the world's most digitally-advanced societies, since 2005, Estonia has been the first state to hold general elections over the Internet . (Full article...
Alviine-Johanna Kalep (26 June 1899 – 15 August 1989), known as Elvy Kalep
Kalep grew up in Estonia and Russia, and subsequently moved to China to escape the Russian Civil War . She worked briefly as an interpreter for military officials in China before settling in Paris to study art with Alexandre Jacovleff . In 1931, she qualified as a pilot in Germany, becoming the first Estonian female pilot. Befriending American aviator Amelia Earhart , she joined the Ninety-Nines and took up the cause of encouraging other women to take up aviation. She wrote and illustrated a children's book about flying, Air Babies , which was first published in 1936. (Full article...
Pauluse (St Paul’s) Church in Viljandi was built in 1863-1866.
The following are images from various Estonia-related articles on Wikipedia.
Image 1 Tartu University (Universität Dorpat) in 1860, during its 'Golden Age' (from
History of Estonia )
Image 2 Estonian
folk music performers dressed in 19th-century festive
folk costumes (from
Culture of Estonia )
Image 5 The Estonian Army High Command in 1920 (from
History of Estonia )
Image 6 Estonian farmers drinking (vodka) in an
inn , by
Oskar Hoffmann (painter) , 1899. (from
Culture of Estonia )
Image 7 Ancient Estonia until 21 September 1217 (from
History of Estonia )
Image 9 Public education systems founded during prior Swedish rule made Estonia and Finland the two most literate areas of
Russian Empire (map of
1897 census literacy data) (from
History of Estonia )
Image 10 Comb Ceramic pottery at the Estonian History Museum (from
Ancient Estonia )
Image 11 Tallinn, 28 August 1941 (from
History of Estonia )
Image 12 Stone Cist Graves from The Bronze Age in Northern Estonia (from
Ancient Estonia )
Image 13 Varbola ruins (from
Ancient Estonia )
Image 14 Dannebrog falling from the sky during the
Battle of Lindanise , 1219 (from
History of Estonia )
Image 15 Stone
cist graves from the Bronze Age in northern Estonia (from
History of Estonia )
Image 16 Artifacts of the hoard from Kumna, Estonia (from
Ancient Estonia )
Image 18 Map of
Varbola Stronghold by L. A. Mellin (from
History of Estonia )
Image 19 Corded Ware culture pottery and stone axes at the Estonian History Museum. (from
Ancient Estonia )
Image 20 Tools made by
Kunda culture , the Estonian History Museum (from
History of Estonia )
Image 21 Estonian Soviet politician
Johannes Käbin led the
Estonian Communist Party from 1950 to 1978 (from
History of Estonia )
Image 23 Registration card for Estonian citizenship from 1989 (from
History of Estonia )
Image 24 Public education systems founded during prior Swedish rule made Estonia and Finland the two most literate areas of
Russian Empire (map of
1897 census literacy data) (from
Culture of Estonia )
Image 25 The Swedish Empire, 1560–1815 (from
History of Estonia )
Image 27 Outline of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (from
History of Estonia )
Image 28 Comb Ceramic pottery at the Estonian History Museum (from
History of Estonia )
Image 29 Fragments of the
Wanradt–Koell Catechism (1535), the first book printed in
Estonian (from
History of Estonia )
Image 30 Toompea castle – the seat of the
Riigikogu (from
History of Estonia )
Image 32 Tools made by Kunda culture, the
Estonian History Museum (from
Ancient Estonia )
Image 33 Soviet prison doors on display in the Museum of Occupations, Tallinn (from
History of Estonia )
Image 34 From
Dirham hoards in Estonia, 8th–11th centuries. (from
Ancient Estonia )
Image 35 Corded Ware culture pottery and stone axes, at the EHM (from
History of Estonia )
Image 36 Estonia's greatest territorial extent ever, reached during its War of Independence, marked by the light blue line on the map. (from
History of Estonia )
Image 37 Hermann Castle , Narva, was one of the Teutonic Order's castles in Estonia. (from
History of Estonia )
Image 38 Europe in 19th century (from
History of Estonia )
Image 40 Livonia, as shown in the map of 1573 of Joann Portantius (from
History of Estonia )
Image 42 A moment before the opening of the 25th
Estonian Song Festival (2009) at the Tallinn Song Festival grounds. (from
Culture of Estonia )
Image 43 Estonian President
Kersti Kaljulaid with Russian President
Vladimir Putin in April 2019 (from
History of Estonia )
Image 44 Europe in the 9th century (from
History of Estonia )
Image 45 Livonian Confederation in the 15th century (from
History of Estonia )
Image 46 Counties of Ancient Estonia in the beginning of the 13th century. (from
Ancient Estonia )
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