Portal:Mexico

Mexico
Mexico
	Flag Coat of arms
Location	Southern portion of North America

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The Temple of Warriors at Chichen Itza, Mexico

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¡Bienvenido! Welcome to the Mexico portal

Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. Covering 1,972,550 km² (761,610 sq mi), it is the world's 13th largest country by area; with a population of almost 130 million, it is the 10th most populous country and has the most Spanish speakers in the world. Mexico is organized as a federal constitutional republic comprising 31 states and Mexico City, its capital and largest city, which is among the world's most populous metropolitan areas. The country shares land borders with the United States to the north, with Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; as well as maritime borders with the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the southeast, and the Gulf of Mexico to the east.

Human presence in Pre-Columbian Mexico dates back to 8,000 BC, making it one of the world's six cradles of civilization. The Mesoamerican region hosted various intertwined civilizations, including the Olmec, Maya, Zapotec, Teotihuacan, and Purepecha. The Aztecs came to dominate the area prior to European contact. In 1521, the Spanish Empire, alongside indigenous allies, conquered the Aztec Empire, establishing the colony of New Spain centered in the former capital, Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City). Over the next three centuries, Spain expanded its territorial control, enforced Christianity, and spread the Spanish language, with the colony's rich silver deposits fueling its empire. The colonial era ended in the early 19th century with the Mexican War of Independence. (Full article...)

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Kenna near peak intensity on October 24

Hurricane Kenna was the fourth-most intense tropical cyclone on record in the Eastern Pacific basin, and at the time the third-most intense Pacific hurricane to strike the west coast of Mexico. Kenna was the sixteenth tropical depression, thirteenth tropical storm, seventh hurricane, sixth major hurricane, and third Category 5 hurricane of the 2002 Pacific hurricane season. After forming on October 22 to the south of Mexico from a tropical wave, forecasters consistently predicted the storm to strengthen much less than it actually did. Moving into an area of favorable upper-level conditions and warm sea surface temperatures, Kenna quickly strengthened to reach peak winds of 165 mph (270 km/h) as a Category 5 hurricane, on October 25, while located about 255 mi (410 km) southwest of Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco. Weakening as it turned to the northeast, the hurricane made landfall near San Blas, Nayarit as a Category 4 hurricane, with sustained winds of 140 mph (220 km/h), before dissipating on October 26 over the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains.

The name "Kenna" was retired from the list of Pacific hurricane names due to its effects on Mexico, which included US$101 million in damage and four deaths. The worst of the hurricane's effects occurred between San Blas in Nayarit and Puerto Vallarta in Jalisco, where over 100 people were injured and thousands of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. 95% of the buildings in San Blas were damaged, and hundreds of buildings were destroyed along coastal areas of Puerto Vallarta. (Full article...)

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The Mexican Dirty War (Spanish: Guerra sucia) was the Mexican theater of the Cold War, an internal conflict from the 1960s to the 1980s between the Mexican Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)-ruled government under the presidencies of Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Luis Echeverría and José López Portillo, which were backed by the US government, and left-wing student and guerrilla groups. During the war, government forces carried out disappearances (estimated at 1,200), systematic torture, and "probable extrajudicial executions".

In the 1960s and 1970s, Mexico was persuaded to be part of both Operation Intercept and Operation Condor, developed between 1975 and 1978, with the pretext to fight against the cultivation of opium and marijuana in the "Golden Triangle", particularly in Sinaloa. (Full article...)

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Popocatepetl

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Hasta la Raíz (transl. To the Root) is the fifth studio album by Mexican recording artist Natalia Lafourcade, released on March 17, 2015, through Sony Music Mexico. After the success of her previous album, Mujer Divina – Homenaje a Agustín Lara (transl. Divine Woman – A Homage to Agustin Lara), a tribute to Mexican singer-songwriter Agustín Lara, Lafourcade decided to record an album with original recordings. Lafourcade spent three years writing the songs and searching for inspiration in different cities, resulting in songs that express very personal feelings regarding love. The record was produced by Lafourcade, with the assistance of Argentinian musician Cachorro López and Mexican artist Leonel García.

Upon its release, Hasta la Raíz received favorable reviews from music critics, with some critics expressing skepticism about her songwriting and saying she had stayed within her comfort zone, and others praising her evolution as a musician and naming the album one of the best pop releases of the year. The record peaked at number eight in the US Billboard Latin Albums and number one in Mexico, where it was certified double platinum and gold, with over 150,000 copies shipped in the country. Hasta la Raíz received a nomination for Album of the Year and won Best Alternative Music Album and Best Engineered Album at the 16th Latin Grammy Awards. The album also won Best Latin Rock, Urban or Alternative Album at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards. (Full article...)

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Porfirio Díaz, c. 1910

José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori GCB (15 September 1830 – 2 July 1915), known as simply Porfirio Díaz (English: /ˈdiːəs/ DEE-əss or /ˈdiːæz/ DEE-az, Spanish: [poɾˈfiɾjo ˈði.as]), was a Mexican general, politician, and later dictator who served seven terms as President of Mexico, a total of 35 years, from 28 November 1876 to 6 December 1876, 17 February 1877 to 1 December 1880, and 1 December 1884 to 25 May 1911. The entire period from 1876 to 1911 is often referred to as the Porfiriato, and has been characterized as a de facto dictatorship.

Díaz was born to an Oaxacan family of modest means. He initially studied to become a priest, but eventually switched his studies to law, and among his mentors was the future President of Mexico, Benito Juárez. Díaz increasingly became active in Liberal Party politics fighting with the Liberals to overthrow Santa Anna in the Plan of Ayutla, and also fighting on their side against the Conservative Party in the Reform War. (Full article...)

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Vicente Fox Frida Kahlo Juan Diego Emiliano Zapata Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Cantinflas Pancho Villa Antonio López de Santa Anna Chespirito Agustín de Iturbide Maximilian I of Mexico Benito Juárez Carlos Slim Diego Rivera Francisco I. Madero Juana Inés de la Cruz Carlos Salinas de Gortari Miguel de la Madrid

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In the news

12 June 2024 – Mexico–United States border crisis: The American Civil Liberties Union files a lawsuit in federal court against the Biden administration for US President Joe Biden's new presidential directive which limits migrants seeking asylum at the Mexico–United States border. (NPR)
9 June 2024 – 2024 Mexican general election: Mexico's ruling party Morena and its coalition allies win a supermajority in the Chamber of Deputies but not in the Senate, falling short of the two-thirds majority needed to change the Constitution. (Reuters)
7 June 2024 – RICH nightclub railing collapse: A glass railing collapses outside the overcrowded RICH nightclub in Mexico, causing several concertgoers to fall three stories, killing two and injuring 15. (El Universal)
6 June 2024 –: SpaceX launches Starship's Integrated Flight Test 4, successfully guiding both the Super Heavy booster and Starship upper stage to soft water landings in the Gulf of Mexico and the Indian Ocean, respectively. (The New York Times)
5 June 2024 – Mexico–United States border crisis: US President Joe Biden institutes a broad asylum ban on migrants illegally crossing the Mexico–United States border, with actions to deport or turn people back to Mexico, with exceptions for unaccompanied children, people with serious medical or safety threats, and victims of trafficking. (Reuters)
4 June 2024 – Mexico–United States border crisis: US President Joe Biden enacts an executive order to temporarily suspend asylum claims processing at the Mexico–United States border when the seven-day average of claims exceeds 2,500 per day. Amnesty International criticizes the executive order, accusing Biden of "setting a dangerous international precedent". (NPR) (AP)

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In the United States, Mexican Coca-Cola, or Mexican Coke (Spanish: Coca Cola de Vidrio, English: Glass Coca-Cola, or Coca-Cola in a glass bottle) or, informally, "Mexicoke", refers to Coca-Cola produced in and imported from Mexico. The Mexican formula that is exported into the U.S. is sweetened with white sugar instead of the high-fructose corn syrup used in the American formula since the early 1980s. Some tasters have said that Mexican Coca-Cola tastes better, while other blind tasting tests reported no perceptible differences in flavor.

Mexican Coke should not be confused with the domestic version of Coca-Cola sold in Mexico, which since 2017 may contain the artificial sweetener sucralose, with a can containing one-third less sugar than the export product. (Full article...)

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Mexican cuisine Cuisine of Chiapas Cuisine of Veracruz Crema (dairy product) Aztec cuisine Oaxacan cuisine Mole sauce Guacamole Enchilada Mexican breads Nachos Burrito Mexican street food Pozole Cheeses of Mexico Taco Pan dulce Mexican wine Sopa de fideo Tostilocos Beer in Mexico Calavera Champurrado Menudo (soup)

General images

The following are images from various Mexico-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1El Chapo in US custody after his extradition from Mexico. (from History of Mexico)
Image 2Making cigarettes in the El Buen Tono factory, Mexico City (from History of Mexico)
Image 3The Zócalo (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 4Goddess, mural painting from the Tetitla apartment complex at Teotihuacan, Mexico, 650–750 CE (from History of Mexico)
Image 5Mexico City street market (from History of Mexico)
Image 6Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (from History of Mexico)
Image 7Pear, Quince and Psidium cajeta. In 2010 declared the Bicentennial Dessert of Mexico. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 8Fireworks in Mexico City for New Year's Day. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 9Modern group monument of Cortés, Doña Marina, and their mestizo son Martín (from History of Mexico)
Image 10Ignacio Comonfort (from History of Mexico)
Image 11Panel 3 from Cancuen, Guatemala, representing king T'ah 'ak' Cha'an (from History of Mexico)
Image 12Gilberto Bosques Saldívar took the initiative to rescue tens of thousands of Jews and Spanish Republican exiles from being deported to Nazi Germany or Spain. (from History of Mexico)
Image 13Shield Jaguar and Lady Xoc, Maya, lintel 24 of temple 23, Yaxchilan, Mexico, ca. 725 ce. (from History of Mexico)
Image 141985 Mexico City earthquake (from History of Mexico)
Image 15Sawdust carpet made during "The night no one sleeps" in Huamantla, Tlaxcala (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 16Three world leaders: (background, left to right) Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari, U.S. President George H. W. Bush, and Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, observe the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement. (from History of Mexico)
Image 17Cerro del Cubilete ("Dice Cup Hill"). At the top of the hill is the Cristo Rey (Christ the King) statue. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 18Battle of Tampico (1829) (from History of Mexico)
Image 19Alegoría de la Constitución de 1857, Petronilo Monroy, 1869. (from History of Mexico)
Image 20Entry into Mexico City by the Mexican army (from History of Mexico)
Image 21Buffalo Soldiers of the American 10th Cavalry Regiment taken prisoner during the Battle of Carrizal, Mexico in 1916. (from History of Mexico)
Image 22Distribution of linguistic groups around 1500. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 23"The Fall of the Alamo" by Robert Jenkins Onderdonk (from History of Mexico)
Image 24Liberación (Liberation). Jorge González Camarena. 1908. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 25Plutarco Elías Calles (from History of Mexico)
Image 26Mexican Central Railway train at station, Mexico (from History of Mexico)
Image 27Toltec carving representing the Aztec Eagle, found in Veracruz, 10th–13th century. Metropolitan Museum of Art. (from History of Mexico)
Image 28Colossal atlantids, pyramid B, Toltec, Tula, Mexico, ca. 900–1180 AD (from History of Mexico)
Image 29Plaza de las Tres Culturas (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 30Portrait and book by Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Baroque poet and writer. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 31The Castillo, Chichen Itza, Mexico, ca. 800–900 CE (from History of Mexico)
Image 32José Pablo Moncayo known for his orchestral works, particularly "Huapango" (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 33La huida a Egipto (The Flight into Egypt). Miguel Cabrera, around 1700. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 34Victoriano Huerta, ruler of Mexico from 1913 to 1914 (from History of Mexico)
Image 35Mexican Army troops in the Zócalo in the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre. (from History of Mexico)
Image 36Exconvento (Ex-convent), by José María Velasco. 1860. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 37Logo of the Partido Nacional Revolucionario, with the colors of the Mexican flag (from History of Mexico)
Image 38A map of Mexico 1845 after Texas annexation by the U.S. (from History of Mexico)
Image 39The first Braceros arrive in Los Angeles by train in 1942. Photograph by Dorothea Lange. (from History of Mexico)
Image 40Agustín de Iturbide the first Emperor of Mexico (from History of Mexico)
Image 41President Vicente Fox with Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh (from History of Mexico)
Image 42President Carranza in La Cañada, Querétaro, January 22, 1916. (from History of Mexico)
Image 43A unit of Cristeros preparing for battle. (from History of Mexico)
Image 44Battle of Centla, the first time a horse was used in battle in a war in the Americas. Mural in the Palacio Municipal of Paraíso, Tabasco (from History of Mexico)
Image 45Variegated maize ears (from History of Mexico)
Image 46"The Torture of Cuauhtémoc", a 19th-century painting by Leandro Izaguirre (from History of Mexico)
Image 47Equestrian statue of Charles IV in Mexico City (from History of Mexico)
Image 48Cabinet Officers of Andrés Manuel López Obrador (left) and of Enrique Peña Nieto (right). (from History of Mexico)
Image 49Battle of Miahuatlán (from History of Mexico)
Image 50Chacmool, Maya, from the Platform of the Eagles, Chichen Itza, Mexico, ca. 800–90 CE (from History of Mexico)
Image 51Surrender of Santa Anna by William Henry Huddle shows the Mexican president and general surrendering to a wounded Sam Houston in 1836. (from History of Mexico)
Image 52Viceroy José de Iturrigaray (from History of Mexico)
Image 53Singer and actor Pedro Infante, one of the leading figures of the Golden Age of Mexican Cinema. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 54La leyenda de los volcanes (The legend of the volcanoes). Saturnino Herrán. 1910-1912. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 55President Obregón. Note that he lost his right arm in the Battle of Celaya (1915), earning him the nickname of Manco de Celaya ("the one-armed man of Celaya"). (from History of Mexico)
Image 56Murals of Bonampak (between 580 and 800 AD) (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 57Club América vs Cruz Azul at the Estadio Azteca. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 58General Santa Anna. (from History of Mexico)
Image 59General Pancho Villa at the entrance of Ojinaga (from History of Mexico)
Image 60Spanish and Portuguese empires in 1790 (from History of Mexico)
Image 61Olmec colossal (from History of Mexico)
Image 62Porfirio Díaz (from History of Mexico)
Image 63The Execution of Emperor Maximilian, 19 June 1867. Gen. Tomás Mejía, left, Maximilian, center, Gen. Miguel Miramón, right. Painting by Édouard Manet 1868. (from History of Mexico)
Image 64Teotihuacan view of the Avenue of the Dead and the Pyramid of the Sun, from the Pyramid of the Moon (from History of Mexico)
Image 65President Felipe Calderón with President of Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. (from History of Mexico)
Image 66Subcomandante Marcos (from History of Mexico)
Image 67Comanchería, territory controlled by the Comanches, prior to 1850 (from History of Mexico)
Image 68Chihuahua Cathedral and a monument to the city's founder, Antonio Deza y Ulloa (from History of Mexico)
Image 69A statue of a Chichimeca Warrior in the city of Querétaro (from History of Mexico)
Image 70Dining table, painted between 1857 y 1859, oleo sobre tela (oil on canvas) by Agustín Arrieta (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 71Logo of Nacional Financiera (NAFIN), the state development bank. (from History of Mexico)
Image 72Lázaro Cárdenas mural (from History of Mexico)
Image 73U.S. President Barack Obama and Mexican President-Elect Enrique Peña Nieto during their meet at the White House following Peña Nieto's election victory. (from History of Mexico)