Back Португалиа Abkhazian Portugéh ACE Португалие ADY Portugal Afrikaans Portugal ALS ፖርቱጋል Amharic Portugal AMI Portugal AN Portugal ANG Pọtugalu ANN

Portugal

For other uses, see Portugal (disambiguation).

Portuguese Republic
Anthem: 
A Portuguesa
"The Portuguese"
Location of Portugal (dark green)

– in Europe (green & dark grey)
– in the European Union (green)

Capital
and largest city
Lisbon
38°46′N 9°9′W / 38.767°N 9.150°W / 38.767; -9.150
Official languagesPortuguese
Recognised regional languagesMirandese[a]
Nationality (2023)[3]
Religion
(2021)[4]
  • 14.1% no religion
  • 1.1% other
Demonym(s)Portuguese
GovernmentUnitary semi-presidential republic[5][b]
• President
Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
Luís Montenegro
• Speaker
José Pedro Aguiar-Branco
LegislatureAssembly of the Republic
Establishment
• County
868
24 June 1128[c]
25 July 1139
5 October 1143
23 May 1179
1 December 1640
23 September 1822
• Republic
5 October 1910
25 April 1974
25 April 1976[d]
Area
• Total
92,230 km2 (35,610 sq mi)[7][8] (109th)
• Water (%)
1.2 (2015)[6]
Population
• 2023 estimate
Neutral increase 10,639,726[9] (88th)
• 2021 census
Neutral decrease 10,343,066[10]
• Density
115.4/km2 (298.9/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)2025 estimate
• Total
Increase $536.096 billion[11] (51st)
• Per capita
Increase $50,037[11] (41st)
GDP (nominal)2025 estimate
• Total
Increase $321.440 billion[11] (45th)
• Per capita
Increase $30,002[11] (40th)
Gini (2024)Positive decrease 31.9[12]
medium inequality
HDI (2023)Increase 0.890[13]
very high (40th)
CurrencyEuro[e] (€) (EUR)
Time zoneUTC (WET)
UTC−1 (Atlantic/Azores)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+1 (WEST)
UTC (Atlantic/Azores)
Note: Continental Portugal and Madeira use WET/WEST; the Azores are 1 hour behind.
Calling code+351
ISO 3166 codePT
Internet TLD.pt

Portugal,[f] officially the Portuguese Republic,[g] is a country in the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. Featuring the westernmost point in continental Europe, Portugal borders Spain to its north and east, with which it shares the longest uninterrupted border in the European Union; to the south and the west is the North Atlantic Ocean; and to the west and southwest lie the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, which are the two autonomous regions of Portugal. Lisbon is the capital and largest city, followed by Porto, which is the only other metropolitan area.

The western part of the Iberian Peninsula has been continuously inhabited since prehistoric times, with the earliest signs of settlement dating to 5500 BC.[15] Celtic and Iberian peoples arrived in the first millennium BC. The region came under Roman control in the second century BC, followed by a succession of Germanic peoples and the Alans from the fifth to eighth centuries AD. Muslims invaded mainland Portugal in the eighth century, but were gradually expelled by the Christian Reconquista culminating with the capture of the Algarve, between 1238 and 1249 AD.[16][17] Modern Portugal began taking shape during this period, initially as a county of the Christian Kingdom of León in 868 and recognized unequivocally as a kingdom with Manifestis Probatum in 1179.[18]

As one of the earliest participants in the Age of Discovery, Portugal made several advancements in nautical science, the discovery of the volta do mar, which unlocked safe round-trip voyages enabling deep-sea travel, stands out as a major turning point in world's history.[h] It settled Madeira and the Azores, and established itself as a major economic and political power, largely through a maritime empire that extended mostly along the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean coasts.[20] The Portuguese were among the first Europeans to explore and discover new territories and sea routes establishing a global commercial network of settlements, colonies, and trading posts.[21] A dynastic crisis in the early 1580s resulted in the Iberian Union (1580–1640), which unified Portugal under Spanish rule,[22] marking its gradual decline as a global power.[23] Portuguese sovereignty was regained in 1640 and was followed by a costly and protracted war lasting until 1688, while the 1755 Lisbon earthquake destroyed the city and further damaged the empire's economy.[24]

The Napoleonic Wars drove the relocation of the court to Brazil in 1807, leading to its elevation from colony to kingdom which culminated with its independence in 1822,[25] triggering a civil war (1828–1834) between supporters for a constitutional monarchy and absolutist monarchists.[26] The monarchy endured until the 5 October 1910 revolution, which replaced it with the First Republic. A phase of unrest ultimately led to its replacement with the authoritarian Ditadura Nacional and then turned into the Estado Novo.[27] Democracy was restored in 1974 following the Carnation Revolution, which brought an end to the Portuguese Colonial War and allowed the last of Portugal's African territories to achieve independence.[28]

Portugal's imperial history has left a vast cultural legacy, with around 300 million Portuguese speakers around the world. Today, it is a developed country with an advanced economy relying chiefly upon services, industry, and tourism. Portugal, a member of the United Nations, the European Union, the Schengen Area, and the Council of Europe, was one of the founding members of NATO, the eurozone, the OECD, and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries.

  1. ^ "Reconhecimento oficial de direitos linguísticos da comunidade mirandesa (Official recognition of linguistic rights of the Mirandese community)". Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa (UdL). Archived from the original on 18 March 2002. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  2. ^ The Euromosaic study, Mirandese in Portugal Archived 5 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, europa.eu – European Commission website. Retrieved January 2007. Link updated December 2015
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference aima was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference Censos2021 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ "Constitution of Portugal, Preamble" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  6. ^ "Surface water and surface water change". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  7. ^ "Statistics Portugal - Web Portal". INE. Archived from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  8. ^ "Portugal country profile". BBC News. 24 February 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  9. ^ "População residente ultrapassa os 10,6 milhões - 2023". INE. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
  10. ^ "Censos 2021 - Principais tendências ocorridas em Portugal na última década". Statistics Portugal - Web Portal. 23 November 2022. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  11. ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Portugal)". International Monetary Fund. 22 April 2025. Retrieved 22 April 2025.
  12. ^ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Retrieved 22 April 2025.
  13. ^ "Human Development Report 2025" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 6 May 2025. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025.
  14. ^ "List of left- & right-driving countries". WorldStandards.
  15. ^ "The World Factbook". CIA. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  16. ^ Wilson, J. (2020). "'Neither age nor sex sparing': the Alvor massacre 1189, an anomaly in the Portuguese Reconquista?". Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies, 12(2), 199–229. 12 (2): 199–229. doi:10.1080/17546559.2019.1704043.
  17. ^ "O reino Alg. de pleno direito" (PDF) (in Portuguese). CCDR-Alg.
  18. ^ Brian Jenkins, Spyros A. Sofos, Nation and identity in contemporary Europe Archived 5 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine, p. 145, Routledge, 1996, ISBN 0-415-12313-5
  19. ^ Dartnell, Lewis (14 May 2019). Origins: How Earth's History Shaped Human History. Basic Books. pp. 218–222. ISBN 978-1-5416-1789-6. OCLC 1101101039.
  20. ^ Axelson, Eric; Boxer, C. R. (June 1970). "The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415-1825". The Geographical Journal. 136 (2): 296. Bibcode:1970GeogJ.136..296A. doi:10.2307/1796339. ISSN 0016-7398. JSTOR 1796339.
  21. ^ Russell-Wood, A. J. R. (1998). The Portuguese Empire, 1415-1808. Johns Hopkins University Press. doi:10.1353/book.77743. ISBN 978-1-4214-4120-7.
  22. ^ António Henrique R. de Oliveira Marques, History of Portugal. 1972, p. 322. Boris Fausto, A Concise History of Brazil, p. 40.
  23. ^ Newitt, Malyn (5 November 2004). A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion 1400-1668. doi:10.4324/9780203324042. ISBN 978-1-134-55304-4.
  24. ^ Maxwell, Kenneth (1990). "Pombal: the Paradox of Enlightenment and Despotism". Enlightened Absolutism. London: Macmillan Education UK. pp. 75–118. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-20592-9_4. ISBN 978-0-333-43961-6. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
  25. ^ Dean, Warren; Barman, Roderick J. (December 1990). "Brazil: The Forging of a Nation, 1798-1852". The American Historical Review. 95 (5): 1663. doi:10.2307/2162941. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 2162941.
  26. ^ Birmingham, David (28 March 2018). A Concise History of Portugal. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108539951. ISBN 978-1-108-42419-6.
  27. ^ "Portugal". Longman Companion to European Decolonisation in the Twentieth Century (1st ed.). Routledge. 1998. pp. 45–46. doi:10.4324/9781315845296-16. ISBN 978-1-315-84529-6. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
  28. ^ Minter, William; Cann, John P. (September 1998). "Counterinsurgency in Africa: The Portuguese Way of War, 1961-1974". African Studies Review. 41 (2): 182. doi:10.2307/524850. ISSN 0002-0206. JSTOR 524850.


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