Back الحقبة التقدمية Arabic Proqressiv dövr Azerbaijani Progressive periode Danish Progressive Era German Progresisma Erao Esperanto Era progresista Spanish Progresseerumise ajastu Estonian عصر ترقیخواهی Persian Progressiivisuuden kausi Finnish Ère progressiste French
| Progressive Era | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1890s–1920s | |||
 The Awakening: "Votes for Women" in 1915 Puck magazine | |||
| Location | United States | ||
| Including | Fourth Party System | ||
| President(s) | William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge Herbert Hoover | ||
| Key events | Nadir of American race relations Trust-busting Women's suffrage Initiative and referendum Square Deal | ||
Chronology
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The Progressive Era (1890s–1920s)[1][2] was a period in the United States characterized by multiple social and political reform efforts.[3][4] Reformers during this era, known as Progressives, sought to address issues they associated with rapid industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and political corruption, as well as the concentration of industrial ownership in monopolies. Reformers expressed concern about slums, poverty, and labor conditions. Multiple overlapping movements pursued social, political, and economic reforms by advocating changes in governance, scientific methods, and professionalism; regulating business; protecting the natural environment; and seeking to improve urban living and working conditions.[5]
Corrupt and undemocratic political machines and their bosses were a major target of progressive reformers. To revitalize democracy, progressives established direct primary elections, direct election of senators (rather than by state legislatures), initiatives and referendums,[6] and women's suffrage which was promoted to advance democracy and bring the presumed moral influence of women into politics.[7] For many progressives, prohibition of alcoholic beverages[8] was key to eliminating corruption in politics as well as improving social conditions.
Another target were monopolies, which progressives worked to regulate through trustbusting and antitrust laws with the goal of promoting fair competition. Progressives also advocated new government agencies focused on regulation of industry.[9]
An additional goal of progressives was bringing to bear scientific, medical, and engineering solutions to reform government and education and foster improvements in various fields including medicine, finance, insurance, industry, railroads, and churches. They aimed to professionalize the social sciences, especially history,[10] economics,[11] and political science[12] and improve efficiency with scientific management or Taylorism.[13][14]
Initially, the movement operated chiefly at the local level, but later it expanded to the state and national levels. Progressive leaders were often from the educated middle class, and various progressive reform efforts drew support from lawyers, teachers, physicians, ministers, business people, and the working class.[15]
- ^ "Congress and the Progressive Era | U.S. Capitol - Visitor Center". www.visitthecapitol.gov. Archived from the original on November 29, 2024. Retrieved November 30, 2024.
- ^ "Progressive Era: 1890–1920s | Picture This". picturethis.museumca.org. Archived from the original on October 7, 2024. Retrieved November 30, 2024.
- ^ John D. Buenker, John C. Boosham, and Robert M. Crunden, Progressivism (1986) pp. 3–21
- ^ Arthur S. Link, "What Happened to the Progressive Movement in the 1920s?." American Historical Review 64.4 (1959): 833–851.
- ^ "Progressive Era to New Era". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on November 16, 2023. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "United States History. The Progressive Era Key Facts". Britannica. Archived from the original on September 5, 2024. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
- ^ On purification, see David W. Southern, The Malignant Heritage: Yankee Progressives and the Negro Question, 1900–1915 (1968); Southern, The Progressive Era And Race: Reaction And Reform 1900–1917 (2005); Norman H. Clark, Deliver Us from Evil: An Interpretation of American Prohibition (1976) p. 170; and Aileen Kraditor, The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement: 1890–1920 (1967). 134–136.
- ^ James H. Timberlake, Prohibition and the Progressive Movement, 1900–1920 (1970) pp. 1–7.
- ^ Michael Kazin; et al. (2011). The Concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political Turn up History. Princeton University Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-1400839469.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Richard Hofstadter 1968was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
ReferenceBwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Barry Karl 1975was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Lewis L. Gould, America in the Progressive Era, 1890–1914 (2000)
- ^ David B. Tyack, The One Best System: A History of American Urban Education (Harvard UP, 1974), p. 39
- ^ George Mowry, The California Progressives (1963) p. 91.
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