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| Protura | |
|---|---|
_micrograph.jpg)
| |
| Acerentomon sp. under stereomicroscope | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Clade: | Pancrustacea |
| Subphylum: | Hexapoda |
| Order: | Protura Silvestri, 1907 |
| Families[1] | |
|
Acerentomata Eosentomata Sinentomata | |
The Protura, or proturans, and sometimes nicknamed coneheads,[2][3] are very small (0.6–1.5mm long), soil-dwelling animals, so inconspicuous they were not noticed until the 20th century. The Protura constitute an order of hexapods that were previously regarded as insects, and sometimes treated as a class in their own right.[1][4][5]
Some evidence indicates the Protura are basal to all other hexapods,[6] although not all researchers consider them Hexapoda, rendering the monophyly of Hexapoda unsettled.[7] Uniquely among hexapods, proturans show anamorphic development, whereby body segments are added during moults.[8]
There are close to 800 species, described in seven families. Nearly 300 species are contained in a single genus, Eosentomon.[1][9]
- ^ a b c Andrzej Szeptycki (2007). "Catalogue of the World Protura" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2009.
- ^ "Proturans / Coneheads". North Carolina State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
- ^ "Order Protura - Coneheads". Iowa State University Department of Entomology. Retrieved December 13, 2021.
- ^ Charles S. Henry (2005). "Insect phylogeny". University of Connecticut. Archived from the original on 2006-09-05.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
galliwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Ryuichiro Machida (2006). "Evidence from embryology for reconstructing the relationships of hexapod basal clades" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-20.
- ^ Charles E Cook, Qiaoyun Yue & Michael Akam (2005). "Mitochondrial genomes suggest that hexapods and crustaceans are mutually paraphyletic". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 272 (1569): 1295–1304. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.3042. PMC 1564108. PMID 16024395.
- ^ P. J. Gullan & P. S. Cranston (1994). The insects: an outline of entomology. Chapman and Hall. ISBN 978-0-412-49360-7.
- ^ G Pass & NU Szucsich (2011). "100 years of research on the Protura: many secrets still retained" (PDF).
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