Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis^[i] is a set of theories and techniques of research that deals with the unconscious mind's influence of the conscious mind. Based on talk therapy and dream interpretation, psychoanalysis is also a method for the treatment of mental disorders.^[ii]^[iii] Established in the early 1890s by Sigmund Freud, it takes into account Darwin's theory of evolution, research in neurology, ethnology reports, and, in some respects, the clinical work of his mentor Josef Breuer.^[1] Freud developed and refined the theory and practice of psychoanalysis until his death in 1939.^[2] In an encyclopedic article, he identified its four cornerstones: "the assumption that there are unconscious mental processes, the recognition of the theory of repression and resistance, the appreciation of the importance of sexuality and of the Oedipus complex."^[3]

Freud's earlier colleagues Alfred Adler and Carl Jung soon developed their own methods (individual and analytical psychology); he criticized these concepts, stating that they were not forms of psychoanalysis.^[4] After the Second World War, neo-Freudian thinkers like Erich Fromm, Karen Horney and Harry Stack Sullivan created some subfields.^[5] Jacques Lacan, whose work is often referred to as Return to Freud, described his metapsychology as a technical elaboration of the three-instance model of the psyche and examined the language-like structure of the unconscious.^[6]^[7]

Psychoanalysis has been a controversial discipline from the outset, and its effectiveness as a treatment remains contested, although its influence on psychology and psychiatry is undisputed.^[iv]^[v] Critics of the theory have claimed it is pseudoscience, arguing among others that Freud's central assumption of three interlocking functions (needs, consciousness, memory) is unfalsifiable.^[8]^[9] This structural “soul" model is related to the mind-body problem, which Freud himself considered unsolvable with the means of neurological science.^[10]^[11]^[12] Psychoanalytic concepts are also widely used outside the therapeutic field,^[11] in the interpretation of myths and fairy tales, philosophical perspectives such as Freudo-Marxism and in literary criticism.

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^ Sulloway F. Freud, Biologist of the Mind: Beyond the Psychoanalytic Legend.
^ Mitchell, Juliet. 2000. Psychoanalysis and Feminism: A Radical Reassessment of Freudian Psychoanalysis. London: Penguin Books. p. 341.
^ Mitchell J (1975). Psychoanalysis and Feminism. Pelican Books. p. 343.
^ Freud S (1966). On the History of the Psycho-Analytic Movement. New York: W.W. Norton and Co. p. 5.
^ Birnbach, Martin. 1961. Neo-Freudian Social Philosophy. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 3.
^ Julien P (2021). Jacques Lacan's Return to Freud. New York University Press. doi:10.18574/nyu/9780814743232.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-8147-4323-2. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
^ Lacan J. Freud's Papers on Technique (Seminar of Jacques Lacan). Jacques Alain.
^ Cite error: The named reference Popper was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Kuzuhara FM (2018-02-28). Seeking the controversies: controversy, pluralism and knowledge in psychoanalysis (doctoral thesis). Birkbeck, University of London. doi:10.18743/pub.00040305.
^ Blass RB, Carmeli Z (2007-02). "The case against neuropsychoanalysis. On fallacies underlying psychoanalysis' latest scientific trend and its negative impact on psychoanalytic discourse". The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis. 88 (Pt 1): 19–40. doi:10.1516/6nca-a4ma-mfq7-0jtj. ISSN 0020-7578. PMID 17244565. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ ^a ^b Aikaterini Fotopoulou (May 2012), "The history and progress of neuropsychoanalysis", From the Couch to the Lab, Oxford University Press, pp. 12–24, doi:10.1093/med/9780199600526.003.0002, ISBN 978-0-19-960052-6
^ Schött M, Schmidt AC (2021). "neuropsychoanalysis". Dorsch Lexikon der Psychologie (in German).

[4] Sulloway F. Freud, Biologist of the Mind: Beyond the Psychoanalytic Legend.

[Mitchell,_Juliet_2000-5] Mitchell, Juliet. 2000. Psychoanalysis and Feminism: A Radical Reassessment of Freudian Psychoanalysis. London: Penguin Books. p. 341.

[6] Mitchell J (1975). Psychoanalysis and Feminism. Pelican Books. p. 343.

[7] Freud S (1966). On the History of the Psycho-Analytic Movement. New York: W.W. Norton and Co. p. 5.

[Birnbach,_Martin_1961-8] Birnbach, Martin. 1961. Neo-Freudian Social Philosophy. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 3.

[9] Julien P (2021). Jacques Lacan's Return to Freud. New York University Press. doi:10.18574/nyu/9780814743232.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-8147-4323-2. Retrieved 21 September 2024.

[10] Lacan J. Freud's Papers on Technique (Seminar of Jacques Lacan). Jacques Alain.

[Popper-13] Cite error: The named reference Popper was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[14] Kuzuhara FM (2018-02-28). Seeking the controversies: controversy, pluralism and knowledge in psychoanalysis (doctoral thesis). Birkbeck, University of London. doi:10.18743/pub.00040305.

[15] Blass RB, Carmeli Z (2007-02). "The case against neuropsychoanalysis. On fallacies underlying psychoanalysis' latest scientific trend and its negative impact on psychoanalytic discourse". The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis. 88 (Pt 1): 19–40. doi:10.1516/6nca-a4ma-mfq7-0jtj. ISSN 0020-7578. PMID 17244565. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[HP-16] Aikaterini Fotopoulou (May 2012), "The history and progress of neuropsychoanalysis", From the Couch to the Lab, Oxford University Press, pp. 12–24, doi:10.1093/med/9780199600526.003.0002, ISBN 978-0-19-960052-6

[17] Schött M, Schmidt AC (2021). "neuropsychoanalysis". Dorsch Lexikon der Psychologie (in German).

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