Back Psigoanalise Afrikaans Psychoanalyse ALS تحليل نفسي Arabic تحليل نفسى ARZ মনোবিশ্লেষণ Assamese Sicoanálisis AST Psixoanaliz Azerbaijani سایکوآنالیتیک AZB Psychoanalyse BAR Псіхааналіз Byelorussian
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Psychoanalysis[i] is a set of theories and techniques of research that deals with the unconscious mind's influence of the conscious mind. Based on talk therapy and dream interpretation, psychoanalysis is also a method for the treatment of mental disorders.[ii][iii] Established in the early 1890s by Sigmund Freud, it takes into account Darwin's theory of evolution, ethnology reports, and, in some respects, the clinical research of his mentor Josef Breuer.[1] Freud developed and refined the theory and practice of psychoanalysis until his death in 1939.[2] In an encyclopedic article, he identified its four cornerstones: "the assumption that there are unconscious mental processes, the recognition of the theory of repression and resistance, the appreciation of the importance of sexuality and of the Oedipus complex."[3]
Freud's earlier colleagues Alfred Adler and Carl Jung soon developed their own methods (individual and analytical psychology); he criticized these concepts, stating that they were not forms of psychoanalysis.[4] After the Second World War, neo-Freudian thinkers like Erich Fromm, Karen Horney and Harry Stack Sullivan created some subfields.[5] Jacques Lacan, whose work is often referred to as Return to Freud, described his metapsychology as a technical elaboration of the three-instance model of the psyche and examined the language-like structure of the unconscious.[6][7]
Psychoanalysis has been a controversial discipline from the outset, and its effectiveness as a treatment remains contested, although its influence on psychology as well as on psychiatry is undisputed.[iv][v] Critics of the theory have claimed it is pseudoscience, arguing among others that Freud's central assumption of three interlocking functions (needs, consciousness, memory) is unfalsifiable.[8][9] Psychoanalytic concepts are also widely used outside the therapeutic field,[10] for example in parts of neuroscience,[10] in the interpretation of myths and fairy tales, philosophical perspectives such as Freudo-Marxism and in literary criticism.
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- ^ Sulloway F. Freud, Biologist of the Mind: Beyond the Psychoanalytic Legend.
- ^ Mitchell, Juliet. 2000. Psychoanalysis and Feminism: A Radical Reassessment of Freudian Psychoanalysis. London: Penguin Books. p. 341.
- ^ Mitchell J (1975). Psychoanalysis and Feminism. Pelican Books. p. 343.
- ^ Freud S (1966). On the History of the Psycho-Analytic Movement. New York: W.W. Norton and Co. p. 5.
- ^ Birnbach, Martin. 1961. Neo-Freudian Social Philosophy. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 3.
- ^ Julien P (2021). Jacques Lacan's Return to Freud. New York University Press. doi:10.18574/nyu/9780814743232.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-8147-4323-2. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
- ^ Lacan J. Freud's Papers on Technique (Seminar of Jacques Lacan). Jacques Alain.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Popperwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Kuzuhara FM (2018-02-28). Seeking the controversies: controversy, pluralism and knowledge in psychoanalysis (doctoral thesis). Birkbeck, University of London. doi:10.18743/pub.00040305.
- ^ a b Fotopoulou A (May 2012), "The history and progress of neuropsychoanalysis", From the Couch to the Lab, Oxford University Press, pp. 12–24, doi:10.1093/med/9780199600526.003.0002, ISBN 978-0-19-960052-6
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