Abnormal condition of the mind
Medical condition
Psychosis Specialty Psychiatry , clinical psychology Symptoms False beliefs , seeing or hearing things that don't exist , incoherent speech and behavior[ 1] Complications Self-harm , suicide [ 2] Causes Mental illness (schizophrenia , bipolar disorder ), trauma , sleep deprivation , some medical conditions, certain medications , drugs (including alcohol , caffeine and cannabis )[ 1] Treatment Antipsychotics , counselling , social support [ 2] Prognosis Depends on cause[ 2] Frequency 3% of people at some point in their life (US)[ 1]
Psychosis is a condition of the mind or psyche that results in difficulties determining what is real and what is not real.[ 3] Symptoms may include delusions and hallucinations , among other features.[ 3] Additional symptoms are incoherent speech and behavior that is inappropriate for a given situation.[ 3] There may also be sleep problems , social withdrawal , lack of motivation, and difficulties carrying out daily activities .[ 3] Psychosis can have serious adverse outcomes.[ 3]
Psychosis can have several different causes.[ 4] These include mental illness , such as schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder , bipolar disorder , sensory deprivation ,[ 5] Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome or cerebral beriberi [ 6] and in rare cases major depression (psychotic depression ). Other causes include: trauma , sleep deprivation , some medical conditions, certain medications , and drugs such as alcohol , cannabis , hallucinogens , and stimulants .[ 7] One type, known as postpartum psychosis , can occur after giving birth.[ 8] The neurotransmitter dopamine is believed to play an important role.[ 9] [ 10] Acute psychosis is termed primary if it results from a psychiatric condition and secondary if it is caused by another medical condition or drugs.[ 7] The diagnosis of a mental-health condition requires excluding other potential causes.[ 11] Testing may be done to check for central nervous system diseases, toxins, or other health problems as a cause.[ 12]
Treatment may include antipsychotic medication , psychotherapy , and social support .[ 1] [ 2] Early treatment appears to improve outcomes.[ 1] Medications appear to have a moderate effect.[ 13] [ 14] Outcomes depend on the underlying cause.[ 2] In the United States about 3% of people develop psychosis at some point in their lives.[ 1] The condition has been described since at least the 4th century BC by Hippocrates and possibly as early as 1500 BC in the Egyptian Ebers Papyrus .[ 15] [ 16]
^ a b c d e f "RAISE Questions and Answers" . NIMH . Archived from the original on 8 October 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2018 .
^ a b c d e "Psychosis" . NHS . 23 December 2016. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018 .
^ a b c d e Arciniegas DB (June 2015). "Psychosis" . Continuum . 21 (3 Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychiatry): 715–736. doi :10.1212/01.CON.0000466662.89908.e7 . PMC 4455840 . PMID 26039850 .
^ Radua J, Ramella-Cravaro V, Ioannidis JP, Reichenberg A, Phiphopthatsanee N, Amir T, et al. (February 2018). "What causes psychosis? An umbrella review of risk and protective factors" . World Psychiatry . 17 (1): 49–66. doi :10.1002/wps.20490 . PMC 5775150 . PMID 29352556 .
^ Gelder, Michael G.; Gath, Dennis; Mayou, Richard (1983). Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-261294-6 .
^ "Korsakoff Psychosis – Special Subjects" . MSD Manual Professional Edition . Retrieved 2024-04-10 .
^ a b Griswold KS, Del Regno PA, Berger RC (June 2015). "Recognition and Differential Diagnosis of Psychosis in Primary Care" . American Family Physician . 91 (12): 856–863. PMID 26131945 . Archived from the original on 2021-02-22. Retrieved 2021-12-06 .
^ Davies W (June 2017). "Understanding the pathophysiology of postpartum psychosis: Challenges and new approaches" . World Journal of Psychiatry . 7 (2): 77–88. doi :10.5498/wjp.v7.i2.77 . PMC 5491479 . PMID 28713685 .
^ Stahl SM (June 2018). "Beyond the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia to three neural networks of psychosis: dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate" . CNS Spectrums . 23 (3): 187–191. doi :10.1017/S1092852918001013 . PMID 29954475 . S2CID 49599226 .
^ Grace AA (August 2016). "Dysregulation of the dopamine system in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and depression" . Nature Reviews. Neuroscience . 17 (8): 524–532. doi :10.1038/nrn.2016.57 . PMC 5166560 . PMID 27256556 .
^ Cardinal RN, Bullmore ET (2011). The Diagnosis of Psychosis . Cambridge University Press. p. 279. ISBN 978-1-139-49790-9 . Archived from the original on 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2020-06-25 .
^ Foster NL (2011). The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry . American Psychiatric Pub. p. 523. ISBN 978-1-58562-952-7 . Archived from the original on 2020-08-19. Retrieved 2020-06-25 .
^ Haddad PM, Correll CU (November 2018). "The acute efficacy of antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a review of recent meta-analyses" . Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology . 8 (11): 303–318. doi :10.1177/2045125318781475 . PMC 6180374 . PMID 30344997 .
^ Leucht S, Leucht C, Huhn M, Chaimani A, Mavridis D, Helfer B, et al. (October 2017). "Sixty Years of Placebo-Controlled Antipsychotic Drug Trials in Acute Schizophrenia: Systematic Review, Bayesian Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression of Efficacy Predictors" . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 174 (10): 927–942. doi :10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16121358 . PMID 28541090 . S2CID 27256686 .
^ Gibbs RS (2008). Danforth's Obstetrics and Gynecology . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 508. ISBN 978-0-7817-6937-2 .
^ Giddens JF (2015). Concepts for Nursing Practice – E-Book . Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 348. ISBN 978-0-323-38946-4 . Archived from the original on 2020-08-19. Retrieved 2020-06-25 .