Quercus coccifera

Kermes oak
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Fagales
Family:	Fagaceae
Genus:	Quercus
Subgenus:	Quercus subg. Cerris
Section:	Quercus sect. Ilex
Species:	Q. coccifera
Binomial name
	Quercus coccifera; L.
	Distribution map
Synonyms
	List Ilex aculeata Garsault ; Quercus aquifolia Kotschy ex A.DC., nom. subnud. ; Quercus arcuata Kotschy ex A.DC. ; Quercus brachybalanos Kotschy ex A.DC. ; Quercus calliprinos Webb ; Quercus chainolepis Kotschy ex A.DC. ; Quercus coccifera subsp. calliprinos (Webb) Holmboe ; Quercus coccifera subsp. cryptocarpa Svent. & Marcet ; Quercus coccifera subsp. kryptocarpa Svent. & Marcet ; Quercus coccifera subsp. palaestina (Kotschy) Holmboe ; Quercus consobrina Kotschy ex A.DC. ; Quercus cretica Raulin ex A.DC., pro syn. ; Quercus dipsacina Kotschy ex A.DC. ; Quercus dispar Kotschy ex A.DC., nom. illeg. ; Quercus echinata Kotschy ex A.DC., not validly publ. ; Quercus fenzlii Kotschy ; Quercus inops Kotschy ex A.DC., not validly publ. ; Quercus mesto Boiss. ; Quercus obtecta Poir. ; Quercus palaestina Kotschy ; Quercus pentadactyla Bosc ; Quercus pseudorigida Kotschy ex A.Camus ; Quercus recurvans Kotschy ex A.DC. ; Quercus rigida Willd. ; Quercus sibthorpii Kotschy ex Boiss. ; Quercus valida Kotschy ex A.DC. ; Scolodrys rigida (Willd.) Raf. ;

Quercus coccifera, the kermes oak, is an oak bush in the Ilex section of the genus.^[3] It has many synonyms, including Quercus calliprinos.^[2] It is native to the Mediterranean region and Northern African Maghreb, south to north from Morocco to France and west to east from Portugal to Cyprus and Turkey, crossing Spain, Italy, Libya, Balkans, and Greece, including Crete. The Kermes Oak was historically important as the food plant of Kermes scale insects, from which a red dye called crimson was obtained.^[4] The etymology of the specific name coccifera is related to the production of red cochineal (crimson) dye and derived from Latin coccum which was from Greek κόκκος, the kermes insect. The Latin -fera means 'bearer'.^[5]

^ Gorener, V.; Barstow, M. & Harvey-Brown, Y. (2018). "Quercus coccifera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T194078A2296598. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T194078A2296598.en. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
^ ^a ^b "Quercus coccifera L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
^ Denk, Thomas; Grimm, Guido W.; Manos, Paul S.; Deng, Min; Hipp, Andrew L. (2017), Gil-Pelegrín, Eustaquio; Peguero-Pina, José Javier; Sancho-Knapik, Domingo (eds.), "An Updated Infrageneric Classification of the Oaks: Review of Previous Taxonomic Schemes and Synthesis of Evolutionary Patterns" (PDF), Oaks Physiological Ecology. Exploring the Functional Diversity of Genus Quercus L., Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 13–38, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69099-5_2, ISBN 978-3-319-69099-5, retrieved 2022-11-16
^ Young, Frank N. Jr; Kritsky, Gene (2002). A Survey of Entomology. San Jose: Writers Club Press. p. 9. ISBN 0-595-22143-2.
^ "Cochineal".

[iucn-1] Gorener, V.; Barstow, M. & Harvey-Brown, Y. (2018). "Quercus coccifera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T194078A2296598. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T194078A2296598.en. Retrieved 25 January 2024.

[POWO_295963-1-2] "Quercus coccifera L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2023-02-21.

[3] Denk, Thomas; Grimm, Guido W.; Manos, Paul S.; Deng, Min; Hipp, Andrew L. (2017), Gil-Pelegrín, Eustaquio; Peguero-Pina, José Javier; Sancho-Knapik, Domingo (eds.), "An Updated Infrageneric Classification of the Oaks: Review of Previous Taxonomic Schemes and Synthesis of Evolutionary Patterns" (PDF), Oaks Physiological Ecology. Exploring the Functional Diversity of Genus Quercus L., Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 13–38, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69099-5_2, ISBN 978-3-319-69099-5, retrieved 2022-11-16

[4] Young, Frank N. Jr; Kritsky, Gene (2002). A Survey of Entomology. San Jose: Writers Club Press. p. 9. ISBN 0-595-22143-2.

[5] "Cochineal".

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Kermes oak

Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)^[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Fagales
Family:	Fagaceae
Genus:	Quercus
Subgenus:	Quercus subg. Cerris
Section:	Quercus sect. Ilex
Species:	Q. coccifera
Binomial name
*Quercus coccifera* L.

Distribution map
Synonyms^[2]
List Ilex aculeata Garsault Quercus aquifolia Kotschy ex A.DC., nom. subnud. Quercus arcuata Kotschy ex A.DC. Quercus brachybalanos Kotschy ex A.DC. Quercus calliprinos Webb Quercus chainolepis Kotschy ex A.DC. Quercus coccifera subsp. calliprinos (Webb) Holmboe Quercus coccifera subsp. cryptocarpa Svent. & Marcet Quercus coccifera subsp. kryptocarpa Svent. & Marcet Quercus coccifera subsp. palaestina (Kotschy) Holmboe Quercus consobrina Kotschy ex A.DC. Quercus cretica Raulin ex A.DC., pro syn. Quercus dipsacina Kotschy ex A.DC. Quercus dispar Kotschy ex A.DC., nom. illeg. Quercus echinata Kotschy ex A.DC., not validly publ. Quercus fenzlii Kotschy Quercus inops Kotschy ex A.DC., not validly publ. Quercus mesto Boiss. Quercus obtecta Poir. Quercus palaestina Kotschy Quercus pentadactyla Bosc Quercus pseudorigida Kotschy ex A.Camus Quercus recurvans Kotschy ex A.DC. Quercus rigida Willd. Quercus sibthorpii Kotschy ex Boiss. Quercus valida Kotschy ex A.DC. Scolodrys rigida (Willd.) Raf.