Radiobiology evidence for protons and HZE nuclei

Studies with protons and HZE nuclei of relative biological effectiveness for molecular, cellular, and tissue endpoints, including tumor induction, demonstrate risk from space radiation exposure.^[1]^[2] ^[3] This evidence may be extrapolated to applicable chronic conditions that are found in space and from the heavy ion beams that are used at accelerators.

^ Research, Board on Radiation Effects; Earth, Division on; Academies, Life Studies, National Research Council of the National, National Research Council (2006). Health risks from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation : BEIR VII Phase 2 ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Washington: National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-09156-5. Retrieved 27 June 2012.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ NCRP (2006). "Information needed to make radiation protection recommendations for space missions beyond low-Earth orbit". NCRP Report No. 153. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
^ Cucinotta, Francis A; Durante, Marco (2006). "Cancer risk from exposure to galactic cosmic rays: Implications for space exploration by human beings". The Lancet Oncology. 7 (5): 431–5. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(06)70695-7. PMID 16648048. }