Ranjit Singh | |
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Maharaja of Punjab Maharaja of Lahore Sher-e-Punjab (Lion of Punjab) Sher-e-Hind (Lion of India) Sarkar-i-Wallah (Head of Government)[1] Sarkar Khalsaji (Respected Head of the Khalsa) Lord of Five Rivers Singh Sahib[2] | |
![]() Company School portrait painting of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Lucknow, Awadh, ca.1810–20 | |
Maharaja of the Sikh Empire | |
Reign | 12 April 1801 – 27 June 1839 |
Investiture | 12 April 1801 at Lahore Fort |
Successor | Kharak Singh |
Chief of Sukerchakia Misl | |
Reign | 15 April 1792 – 11 April 1801 |
Predecessor | Maha Singh |
Born | Buddh Singh 13 November 1780[3] Gujranwala, Sukerchakia Misl, Sikh Confederacy (present-day Punjab, Pakistan) |
Died | 27 June 1839 Lahore, Sikh Empire (present-day Punjab, Pakistan) | (aged 58)
Burial | Cremated remains stored in the Samadhi of Ranjit Singh, Lahore |
Spouse | Mehtab Kaur Datar Kaur Jind Kaur See list for others |
Issue among others... | Kharak Singh Sher Singh Duleep Singh |
House | Sukerchakia |
Father | Maha Singh |
Mother | Raj Kaur |
Religion | Sikhism |
Signature (handprint) | ![]() |
Ranjit Singh (13 November 1780 – 27 June 1839) was the founder and first maharaja of the Sikh Empire, ruling from 1801 until his death in 1839. He ruled the northwest Indian subcontinent in the early half of the 19th century. He survived smallpox in infancy but lost sight in his left eye. He fought his first battle alongside his father at age 10.
After his father died around Ranjit's early teenage years, Ranjit subsequently fought several wars to expel the Afghans throughout his teenage years. At the age of 21, he was proclaimed the "Maharaja of Punjab".[4][5] His empire grew in the Punjab region under his leadership through 1839.[6][7]
Before his rise, the Punjab region had numerous warring misls (confederacies), twelve of which were under Sikh rulers and one Muslim.[5] Ranjit Singh successfully absorbed and united the Sikh misls and took over other local kingdoms to create the Sikh Empire.[8] He repeatedly defeated invasions by outside armies, particularly those arriving from Afghanistan, and established friendly relations with the British.[9]
Ranjit Singh's reign introduced reforms, modernisation, investment in infrastructure and general prosperity.[10][11] His Khalsa army and government included Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims and Europeans.[12] His legacy includes a period of Sikh cultural and artistic renaissance, including the rebuilding of the Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar as well as other major gurdwaras, including Takht Sri Patna Sahib, Bihar and Hazur Sahib Nanded, Maharashtra under his sponsorship.[13][14] Ranjit Singh was succeeded by his son Kharak Singh. Ranjit Singh also founded the Order of the Propitious Star of Punjab in 1837. Singh is known by several titles such as Sher-e-Punjab ("Lion of Punjab") and Sarkar-e Wallah (Head of Government).
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