Rape in Islamic law

In Islam, human sexuality is governed by Islamic law, also known as Sharia. Accordingly, sexual violation is regarded as a violation of moral and divine law.^[1] Islam divides claims of sexual violation into 'divine rights' (huquq Allah) and 'interpersonal rights' (huquq al-'ibad): the former requiring divine punishment (hadd penalties) and the latter belonging to the more flexible human realm.^[2]

Rape is considered a serious sexual crime in Islam. In Islam, rape is called Zina Al-Zibr^[3] or Ightisab, and it falls under the rules of Hirabah.^[4] Classical Islamic law (Shari'a) regarded the crime of sexual violation as a coercive zina, and therefore a hadd offence.^[1] There is a lack of recognition of marital rape by mainstream jurists.^[5]^[6]

^ ^a ^b Wolf, Leslie F. (10 December 2016). "Leslie F. Wolf; Sexual Violation in Islamic Law: Substance, Evidence, and Procedure By HINA AZAM". Journal of Islamic Studies: etw060. doi:10.1093/jis/etw060.
^ Semerdjian, Elyse (18 July 2017). "Sexual Violation in Islamic Law: Substance, Evidence, and Procedure". Journal of Middle East Women's Studies. 13 (2): 315–317. doi:10.1215/15525864-3861356. S2CID 149104901.
^ Farooq, Mohammad Omar (2013). Toward Our Reformation: From Legalism to Value-Oriented Islamic Law and Jurisprudence. International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). p. 228. ISBN 978-1-56564-371-0. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
^ Alotaibi, Hajed A. (2020). Minors' Crimes in Saudi Arabia: An Analytical Study on the Saudi Juvenile Justice. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 125. ISBN 978-1-5275-4616-5. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
^ Susila, Muh Endriyo (2013). "Islamic Perspective on Marital Rape". Jurnal Media Hukum. 20 (2): 328.
^ Haddad, Mais (10 May 2017). "Victims of Rape and Law: How the Laws of the Arab World Protect Rapists, Not Victims". JURIST. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.

[Wolf-1] Wolf, Leslie F. (10 December 2016). "Leslie F. Wolf; Sexual Violation in Islamic Law: Substance, Evidence, and Procedure By HINA AZAM". Journal of Islamic Studies: etw060. doi:10.1093/jis/etw060.

[2] Semerdjian, Elyse (18 July 2017). "Sexual Violation in Islamic Law: Substance, Evidence, and Procedure". Journal of Middle East Women's Studies. 13 (2): 315–317. doi:10.1215/15525864-3861356. S2CID 149104901.

[3] Farooq, Mohammad Omar (2013). Toward Our Reformation: From Legalism to Value-Oriented Islamic Law and Jurisprudence. International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). p. 228. ISBN 978-1-56564-371-0. Retrieved 16 October 2020.

[4] Alotaibi, Hajed A. (2020). Minors' Crimes in Saudi Arabia: An Analytical Study on the Saudi Juvenile Justice. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 125. ISBN 978-1-5275-4616-5. Retrieved 16 October 2020.

[Susila-5] Susila, Muh Endriyo (2013). "Islamic Perspective on Marital Rape". Jurnal Media Hukum. 20 (2): 328.

[Haddad_2017_q753-6] Haddad, Mais (10 May 2017). "Victims of Rape and Law: How the Laws of the Arab World Protect Rapists, Not Victims". JURIST. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.

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