Reichstag fire

Reichstag fire

Firefighters struggle to extinguish the fire.
Native name	Reichstagsbrand
Date	27 February 1933; 91 years ago (1933-02-27)
Location	Reichstag building, Berlin, Germany
Coordinates	52°31′7″N 13°22′34″E / 52.51861°N 13.37611°E / 52.51861; 13.37611
Type	Arson
Participants	Marinus van der Lubbe (Disputed)
Outcome	Reichstag Fire Decree enacted Van der Lubbe executed Civil liberties suspended Nazi control of government entrenched

The Reichstag fire (German: Reichstagsbrand, listen^ⓘ) was an arson attack on the Reichstag building, home of the German parliament in Berlin, on Monday, 27 February 1933, precisely four weeks after Adolf Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor of Germany. Marinus van der Lubbe, a Dutch council communist, was the alleged culprit; however, Hitler attributed the fire to Communist agitators. He used it as a pretext to claim that Communists were plotting against the German government, and induced President Paul von Hindenburg to issue the Reichstag Fire Decree suspending civil liberties, and pursue a "ruthless confrontation" with the Communists.^[1] This made the fire pivotal in the establishment of Nazi Germany.

The first report of the fire came shortly after 9:00 p.m., when a Berlin fire station received an alarm call.^[2] By the time police and firefighters arrived, the Chamber of Deputies (the lower house) was engulfed in flames. The police conducted a thorough search inside the building and found Van der Lubbe, who was arrested.

After the Fire Decree was issued, the police — now controlled by Hitler's Nazi Party — made mass arrests of communists, including all of the communist Reichstag delegates. This severely crippled communist participation in the 5 March elections. After the 5 March elections, the absence of the communists allowed the Nazi Party to expand their plurality in the Reichstag, greatly assisting the Nazi seizure of total power. On 9 March 1933 the Prussian state police arrested Bulgarians Georgi Dimitrov, Vasil Tanev, and Blagoy Popov, who were known Comintern operatives (though the police did not know it, Dimitrov was head of all Comintern operations in Western Europe). Ernst Torgler, head of the Communist Party, had surrendered to police on 28 February.

Van der Lubbe and the four Communists were the defendants in a trial that started in September 1933. It ended in the acquittal of the four Communists and the conviction of Van der Lubbe, who was then executed.

The responsibility for the Reichstag fire remains a topic of debate and research.^[3][4] Some historians believe, based on archive evidence, that the arson had been planned and ordered by the Nazis as a false flag operation;^[5][6] indeed, the Gleiwitz incident in 1939 that granted Hitler emergency powers and paved the way for World War II proves that such a tactic was not out of the question for the Nazis. The building remained in its damaged state until it was partially repaired from 1961 to 1964 and completely restored from 1995 to 1999.

In 2008, Germany posthumously pardoned Van der Lubbe under a law introduced in 1998 to lift unjust verdicts dating from the Nazi era.