Roger Bacon

Roger Bacon
Bornc. 1219/20
Near Ilchester, Somerset, England
Diedc. 1292[1][2] (aged about 72/73)
Near Oxford, Oxfordshire, England
Nationality (legal)English
Other namesDoctor Mirabilis
Alma materUniversity of Oxford
EraMedieval philosophy
RegionWestern philosophy
SchoolScholasticism
Main interests
Theology
Natural philosophy
Notable ideas
Experimental science

Roger Bacon OFM (/ˈbkən/;[3] Latin: Rogerus or Rogerius Baconus, Baconis, also Frater Rogerus; c. 1219/20 – c. 1292), also known by the scholastic accolade Doctor Mirabilis, was a medieval English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empiricism. In the early modern era, he was regarded as a wizard and particularly famed for the story of his mechanical or necromantic brazen head. He is sometimes credited (mainly since the 19th century) as one of the earliest European advocates of the modern scientific method, along with his teacher Robert Grosseteste. Bacon applied the empirical method of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) to observations in texts attributed to Aristotle. Bacon discovered the importance of empirical testing when the results he obtained were different from those that would have been predicted by Aristotle.[4][5]

His linguistic work has been heralded for its early exposition of a universal grammar, and 21st-century re-evaluations emphasise that Bacon was essentially a medieval thinker, with much of his "experimental" knowledge obtained from books in the scholastic tradition.[6] He was, however, partially responsible for a revision of the medieval university curriculum, which saw the addition of optics to the traditional quadrivium.[7]

Bacon's major work, the Opus Majus, was sent to Pope Clement IV in Rome in 1267 upon the pope's request. Although gunpowder was first invented and described in China, Bacon was the first in Europe to record its formula.

  1. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica (1878), p. 220.
  2. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004).
  3. ^ "Bacon" Archived 15 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine entry in Collins English Dictionary.
  4. ^ Ackerman (1978), p. 119.
  5. ^ "Who is Roger Bacon?". Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
  6. ^ MSTM (2005).
  7. ^ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2013), §1.

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