Ruthenium

Ruthenium, ₄₄Ru
Ruthenium
Pronunciation	/ruːˈθiːniəm/ (roo-THEE-nee-əm)
Appearance	silvery white metallic
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ru)
	101.07±0.02; 101.07±0.02 (abridged);
Ruthenium in the periodic table
	technetium ← ruthenium → rhodium
Atomic number (Z)	44
Group	group 8
Period	period 5
Block	d-block
Electron configuration	[Kr] 4d7 5s1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 15, 1
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	2607 K (2334 °C, 4233 °F)
Boiling point	4423 K (4150 °C, 7502 °F)
Density (at 20° C)	12.364 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	10.65 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	38.59 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	619 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	24.06 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	common: +3, +4; −2, 0, +1, +2, +5, +6, +7, +8
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.2
Ionization energies	1st: 710.2 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1620 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 2747 kJ/mol ; ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 134 pm
Covalent radius	146±7 pm
	Spectral lines of ruthenium
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	hexagonal close-packed (hcp) (hP2)
Lattice constants	a = 270.58 pm; c = 428.16 pm (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	6.78×10−6/K (at 20 °C)
Thermal conductivity	117 αa 5.77 αc 8.80 αavr 6.78 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	71 nΩ⋅m (at 0 °C)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	+39×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)
Young's modulus	447 GPa
Shear modulus	173 GPa
Bulk modulus	220 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	5970 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio	0.30
Mohs hardness	6.5
Brinell hardness	2160 MPa
CAS Number	7440-18-8
History
Naming	from Latin Ruthenia for Russia
Discovery and first isolation	Karl Ernst Claus (1844)
Isotopes of ruthenium v; e;
γ	–
γ	–
	Category: Ruthenium; view; talk; edit; \| references

Ruthenium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is unreactive to most chemicals. Karl Ernst Claus, a Russian scientist of Baltic-German ancestry, discovered the element in 1844 at Kazan State University and named it in honor of Russia. (He used the Latin name Ruthenia, which can have other meanings, but specifically stated that the element was named in honor of his "motherland".) Ruthenium is usually found as a minor component of platinum ores; the annual production has risen from about 19 tonnes in 2009^[10] to some 35.5 tonnes in 2017.^[11] Most ruthenium produced is used in wear-resistant electrical contacts and thick-film resistors. A minor application for ruthenium is in platinum alloys and as a chemical catalyst. A new application of ruthenium is as the capping layer for extreme ultraviolet photomasks. Ruthenium is generally found in ores with the other platinum group metals in the Ural Mountains and in North and South America. Small but commercially important quantities are also found in pentlandite extracted from Sudbury, Ontario, and in pyroxenite deposits in South Africa.^[12]

^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Ruthenium". CIAAW. 1983.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
^ Ru(0) is present in the carbonyl-phosphine complex Ru(CO)₂(PPh₃)₃, see Stephane Sentets, Maria del Carmen Rodriguez Martinez, Laure Vendier, Bruno Donnadieu, Vincent Huc, Noël Lugan, and Guy Lavigne (2005). "Instant "Base-Promoted" Generation of Roper's-type Ru(0) Complexes Ru(CO)₂(PR₃)₃ from a Simple Carbonylchlororuthenium(II) Precursor". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 (42): 14554–14555. doi:10.1021/ja055066e. PMID 16231891.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b Haynes, p. 4.130
^ Lewis, David E. (2 September 2019). "The Minor Impurity in Spent Ores of the "Siberian Metal": Ruthenium Turns 175". Chemistry – A European Journal. 25 (49): 11394–11401. doi:10.1002/chem.201901922. ISSN 0947-6539.
^ Pitchkov, By V. N. (1 October 1996). "The Discovery of Ruthenium: "I Named The New Body, in Honour of my Motherland"". Platinum Metals Review. 40 (4): 181–188. doi:10.1595/003214096X404181188. ISSN 0032-1400.
^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^ "Ruthenium (summary)". Market review. platinum.matthey.com. 2009. p. 9.
^ "Platinum group metals (PGM) market report". Market research. platinum.matthey.com. May 2018. p. 30.
^ Haynes (2016), p. 4.31.

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

[CIAAW-1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Ruthenium". CIAAW. 1983.

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[Arblaster_2018-3] Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.

[GE28-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

[5] Ru(0) is present in the carbonyl-phosphine complex Ru(CO)₂(PPh₃)₃, see Stephane Sentets, Maria del Carmen Rodriguez Martinez, Laure Vendier, Bruno Donnadieu, Vincent Huc, Noël Lugan, and Guy Lavigne (2005). "Instant "Base-Promoted" Generation of Roper's-type Ru(0) Complexes Ru(CO)₂(PR₃)₃ from a Simple Carbonylchlororuthenium(II) Precursor". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 (42): 14554–14555. doi:10.1021/ja055066e. PMID 16231891.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[crc2-7] Haynes, p. 4.130

[Lewis2019-8] Lewis, David E. (2 September 2019). "The Minor Impurity in Spent Ores of the "Siberian Metal": Ruthenium Turns 175". Chemistry – A European Journal. 25 (49): 11394–11401. doi:10.1002/chem.201901922. ISSN 0947-6539.

[Pitchkov1996-9] Pitchkov, By V. N. (1 October 1996). "The Discovery of Ruthenium: "I Named The New Body, in Honour of my Motherland"". Platinum Metals Review. 40 (4): 181–188. doi:10.1595/003214096X404181188. ISSN 0032-1400.

[NUBASE2020-10] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[JMM-11] "Ruthenium (summary)". Market review. platinum.matthey.com. 2009. p. 9.

[12] "Platinum group metals (PGM) market report". Market research. platinum.matthey.com. May 2018. p. 30.

[FOOTNOTEHaynes20164.31-13] Haynes (2016), p. 4.31.

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