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| Sambhaji | |
|---|---|
| Maharaj Dharmaveer[a][1] | |
 A painting of Sambhaji, late 17th century | |
| Chhatrapati of the Marathas | |
| Reign | 16 January 1681 – 11 March 1689 |
| Coronation | 20 July 1680, Panhala (symbolic) 16 January 1681, Raigad fort (official) |
| Predecessor | Shivaji I |
| Successor | Rajaram I |
| Peshwa | |
| Born | 14 May 1657 Purandar Fort, Ahmadnagar Subah, Mughal Empire (present-day Pune district, Maharashtra, India) |
| Died | 11 March 1689 (aged 31) Tulapur, Ahmadnagar Subah, Mughal Empire (present-day Pune district, Maharashtra, India) |
| Cause of death | Execution by decapitation |
| Spouse | Yesubai |
| Issue | Bhavani Bai Shahu I |
| House | Bhonsale |
| Father | Shivaji I |
| Mother | Saibai |
| Religion | Hinduism |
Sambhaji (Sambhajiraje Shivajiraje Bhonsle, Marathi pronunciation: [saːmˈbʱaːdʑiː ˈbʱos(ə)le]; 14 May 1657 – 11 March 1689), also known as Shambhuraje, ruled from 1681 to 1689 as the second king (Chhatrapati) of the Maratha Empire, a prominent state in early modern India. He was the eldest son of Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha Empire.
At the age of nine, Sambhaji was taken as a political hostage of the Mughal Empire, to guarantee his father's compliance with the treaty of Purandar. He later accompanied his father to Agra where both were placed under house arrest by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb; they subsequently escaped. He was later confined by his father at Panhala Fort, with some theories suggesting that it was due to his addiction to "sensual pleasures" or for violating a Brahmin woman.[2] He subsequently defected to the Mughal Empire and served under Diler Khan in the Battle of Bhupalgarh against his father. He ascended the throne following his father's death, with his rule being largely shaped by the ongoing wars between the Marathas and the Mughal Empire, as well as other neighbouring powers such as the Siddi of Janjira, the Wadiyars of Mysore and the Portuguese Empire in Goa.
Early in his rule, Marathas under Sambhaji attacked and disrupted supply lines and raided into the Mughal territory, although they were unsuccessful in taking over main forts. In 1683, Sambhaji executed 24 members of influential families including top government ministers after discovering a plot to poison him.[3]: 106 By 1685, Mughals had gradually pushed back Sambhaji's forces by taking over their strongholds. Desertions became common by the end of his reign, and he had alienated Maratha deshmukhs (land owners) by burning villages to deny supplies to the Portuguese. In 1689, he was captured by Mughal forces and executed. His brother Rajaram I succeeded him as king and continued the Mughal–Maratha Wars.[3]: 80, 91–95 [4]: 199–200
Sambhaji is viewed poorly by historians, who note that his personal problems—and war crimes committed by his soldiers—overshadowed his moderate military and administrative successes.[5][page needed] Maratha soldiers under Sambhaji's command during his campaigns committed atrocities against civilians including massacres and mass rape.[6][7] As a ruler, Sambhaji implemented drought relief measures and encouraged agricultural development while continuing his father's administrative systems. He was also a scholar who authored several works in Sanskrit and Hindustani, including the political treatise Budhbhushanam. His torture and death at the hands of the Mughal Empire elevated him to the status of a martyr. He remains popular in modern India among many Hindu nationalists.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
- ^ Shivde, Sadashiv. Jwaljwalantejas Sambhajiraja (1 ed.). Pune: Diamond Publications. p. 378.
- ^
- Laine, James W. (13 February 2003). "Cracks in the Narrative". Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India. Oxford University Press. p. 93. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195141269.003.0006. ISBN 978-0-19-514126-9.
Besides the fact that Shivaji grew up apart from his father, we are also aware of his testy relationship with his oldest son Sambhaji, who deserted his father's cause for a time and allied with the Mughals, and is primarily remembered for his affronts to the chaste virtue of brahmin women, his drug use, and his association with Tantric priests of questionable integrity
- Richards, John F. (1993). "Maratha insurgency and Mughal conquest in the Deccan". The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
In December 1678, in disgrace for the rape of a respectable Brahmin woman, [he] escaped his father's surveillance and fled.
- Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1984). Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 551. ISBN 978-81-207-1015-3.
Though an excellent warrior, he became addicted to sensual pleasures on attaining maturity and displayed irresponsible conduct, unbecoming of a crown prince. What Salim had been to Akbar, Sambhaji was to his father Shivaji.
- Laine, James W. (13 February 2003). "Cracks in the Narrative". Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India. Oxford University Press. p. 93. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195141269.003.0006. ISBN 978-0-19-514126-9.
- ^ a b Gordon, Stewart (1993). The Marathas 1600-1818. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-26883-7.
- ^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. ISBN 978-93-80607-34-4.
- ^ Sardesai, Govind Sakharam (1946). New History of the Marathas. Phoenix Publications. pp. 294–316.
- ^ Pissurlencar, P. S. (1983) [1967]. "During Sambhaji's reign and after". Portuguese Mahratta Relations. Translated by Parvate, T. V. Poona, Bombay: Originally published in Marathi by University of Poona, English translation published by Maharashtra state board of literature and culture. p. 89.
The Mahrattas resorted to plunder and arson, demolishing a number of Christian churches and the images therein, raping a number of Christian women. carrying off a number of men, women and children and presenting many of them to their soldiers.
- ^ Sarkar, Jadunath (2007) [1932]. Fall of the Mughal Empire. Vol. 1. Hyderabad: Orient Longman. p. 54-55. ISBN 978-81-250-3245-8.
The Maratha soldiers were notorious for their practice of gang-rape in invaded territories from a very early time. In 1688 when they invaded the Goa districts under the eyes of their king Shambhuji, they committed this kind of outrage
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