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Santa Maria Formation

Santa Maria Formation
Stratigraphic range: Carnian
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The Schoenstatt Outcrop of the Santa Maria Formation, which is the type locality of Dagasuchus santacruzensis. Photographed around 2006.[1][2]
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofRosário do Sul Group
Sub-unitsPasso das Tropas & Alemoa Members
UnderliesCaturrita Formation
OverliesSanga do Cabral Formation
Location
Coordinates29°41′42″S 53°47′43″W / 29.695042°S 53.795403°W / -29.695042; -53.795403
Region Rio Grande do Sul
Country Brazil
ExtentParaná Basin
Santa Maria Formation. Source: UFSM

The Santa Maria Formation is a sedimentary rock formation found in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It is primarily Carnian in age[3][4][5] (Late Triassic),[6][7] and is notable for its fossils of cynodonts, "rauisuchian" pseudosuchians, and early dinosaurs and other dinosauromorphs,[8][9] including the herrerasaurid Staurikosaurus, the basal sauropodomorphs Buriolestes and Saturnalia, and the lagerpetid Ixalerpeton.[10][11][12][13] The formation is named after the city of Santa Maria in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul, where outcrops were first studied.

The Santa Maria Formation makes up the majority of the Santa Maria Supersequence, which extends through the entire Late Triassic. The Santa Maria Supersequence is divided into four geological sequences, separated from each other by short unconformities. The first two of these sequences (Pinheiros-Chiniquá and Santa Cruz sequences) lie entirely within the Santa Maria Formation, while the third (the Candelária sequence) is shared with the overlying Norian-age Caturrita Formation. The fourth and youngest sequence (the Mata sequence) is equivalent to the Rhaetian-age Mata Sandstone.[7]

The oldest sequence in the formation is the Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence (latest Ladinian-earliest Carnian, ~237 Ma), which is biostratigraphically equivalent to the Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone. It is followed by the shorter Santa Cruz Sequence (early Carnian-middle Carnian, ~236 Ma),[3] biostratigraphically equivalent to the Santacruzodon Assemblage Zone.[7]

The final sequence, which is only partially present within the formation, is the Candelária Sequence (middle Carnian-latest Carnian, ~233-228 Ma).[4][14][5][6][15] The lower portion of this sequence, coinciding with the upper part of the Santa Maria Formation, is equivalent to the Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone.The Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone is itself subdivided into Hyperodapedon Acme Zone (most of the zone, where the rhynchosaur Hyperodapedon is widely reported) and Exaeretodon Zone (restricted to about three known and sampled localities, where rhynchsaurs are almost completely absent, but the traversodontid cynodont Exaeretodon is widely reported).[16][7] These subdivisions are also known as Lower and Upper Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, respectively.[15][16]

U-Pb radiometric dating of Cerro da Alemoa (the type locality of Saturnalia tupiniquim) in the Upper portion of the Santa Maria Formation found an estimated age of 233.23±0.73 million years ago, putting that locality 1.5 million years older than the Ischigualasto Formation and younger than Los Chañares Formation. The Santa Maria and Ischigualasto formations are approximately equal as having the earliest dinosaur localities.[4][9][17][18][19]

  1. ^ Bertoni-Machado, Crsitina (2006-12-30). "Biogenic fossil concentration in fluvial settings: An example of a cynodont taphocoenosis from the Middle Triassic of southern Brazil". Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia. 9 (3): 273–282. doi:10.4072/rbp.2006.3.02. ISSN 1519-7530.
  2. ^ Lacerda, M. B.; Schultz, C. L.; Bertoni-Machado, C. (2015). "First 'Rauisuchian' archosaur (Pseudosuchia, Loricata) for the Middle Triassic Santacruzodon Assemblage Zone (Santa Maria Supersequence), Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil". PLOS ONE. 10 (2): e0118563. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1018563L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118563. PMC 4340915. PMID 25714091.
  3. ^ a b Philipp, Ruy P.; Schultz, Cesar L.; Kloss, Heiny P.; Horn, Bruno L.D.; Soares, Marina B.; Basei, Miguel A.S. (December 2018). "Middle Triassic SW Gondwana paleogeography and sedimentary dispersal revealed by integration of stratigraphy and U-Pb zircon analysis: The Santa Cruz Sequence, Paraná Basin, Brazil". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 88: 216–237. Bibcode:2018JSAES..88..216P. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2018.08.018. S2CID 134201307.
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