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Second-order cybernetics

Second-order cybernetics, also known as the cybernetics of cybernetics, is the recursive application of cybernetics to itself and the reflexive practice of cybernetics according to such a critique. It is cybernetics where "the role of the observer is appreciated and acknowledged rather than disguised, as had become traditional in western science".[1] Second-order cybernetics was developed between the late 1960s and mid 1970s[note 1] by Heinz von Foerster and others, with key inspiration coming from Margaret Mead. Foerster referred to it as "the control of control and the communication of communication" and differentiated first-order cybernetics as "the cybernetics of observed systems" and second-order cybernetics as "the cybernetics of observing systems".[4]

The concept of second-order cybernetics is closely allied to radical constructivism, which was developed around the same time by Ernst von Glasersfeld.[5] While it is sometimes considered a break from the earlier concerns of cybernetics, there is much continuity with previous work and it can be thought of as a distinct tradition within cybernetics, with origins in issues evident during the Macy conferences in which cybernetics was initially developed.[6][7][8] Its concerns include autonomy, epistemology, ethics, language, reflexivity, self-consistency, self-referentiality, and self-organizing capabilities of complex systems. It has been characterised as cybernetics where "circularity is taken seriously".[9]

  1. ^ a b Glanville, R. (2002). "Second order cybernetics." In F. Parra-Luna (ed.), Systems science and cybernetics. In Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS). Oxford: EoLSS.
  2. ^ Mead, Margaret. "The Cybernetics of Cybernetics." In Purposive Systems, edited by Heinz von Foerster, John D. White, Larry J. Peterson and John K. Russell, 1–11. New York: Spartan Books, 1968.
  3. ^ Pask, Gordon. Conversation Theory: Applications in Education and Epistemology. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1976.
  4. ^ Foerster, Heinz von, ed. Cybernetics of Cybernetics: Or, the Control of Control and the Communication of Communication. 2nd ed. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Future Systems, 1995.
  5. ^ Glanville, R. (2013). "Radical constructivism = second order cybernetics". Cybernetics and Human Knowing, 19(4), 27–42.
  6. ^ Umpleby, Stuart, and Eric Dent. "The Origins and Purposes of Several Traditions in Systems Theory and Cybernetics." Cybernetics and Systems: An International Journal 30, no. 2 (1999): 79–103. doi:10.1080/019697299125299
  7. ^ Umpleby, S. (2008). "A brief history of cybernetics in the United States." Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften [Austrian Journal for History Science] 19/4, 2008, pp. 28–40. doi:10.25365/oezg-2008-19-4-3
  8. ^ Brand, S., Bateson, G., & Mead, M. (1976). "For God's Sake, Margaret: Conversation with Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead". CoEvolutionary Quarterly, 10, 32–44.
  9. ^ Glanville, R. (2004). "The purpose of second-order cybernetics." Kybernetes, 33(9/10), 1379–1386. doi:10.1108/03684920410556016


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