Seima-Turbino culture

Seima-Turbino culture
	The Seima-Turbino phenomenon ( ) in Eurasia.
Geographical range	Northern Eurasia
Period	Bronze Age
Dates	c. 2200 BC – 1900 BC
Preceded by	Afanasievo culture, Corded Ware culture, Sintashta culture, Okunev culture
Followed by	Andronovo culture, Karasuk culture, Netted Ware culture

The Seima-Turbino culture, also Seima-Turbinsky culture or Seima-Turbino phenomenon, is a pattern of burial sites with similar bronze artifacts. Seima-Turbino is attested across northern Eurasia, particularly Siberia and Central Asia,^[2] maybe from Fennoscandia to Mongolia, Northeast China, Russian Far East, Korea, and Japan.^[3]^[4] The homeland is considered to be the Altai Mountains.^[2] These findings have suggested a common point of cultural origin, possession of advanced metal working technology, and unexplained rapid migration. The buried were nomadic warriors and metal-workers, traveling on horseback or two-wheeled carts.^[5]^{[citation needed]}

Anthony (2007) dated Seima-Turbino to "before 1900 BCE onwards."^[6] Currently, both Childebayeva (2017) and Marchenko (2017) date the Seima-Turbino complex to ca. 2200 – 1900 BCE.^[7]^[2]

The name derives from the Seyma cemetery near the confluence of the Oka River and Volga River, first excavated around 1914, and the Turbino cemetery in Perm, first excavated in 1924.^[5]

^ Bjørn, Rasmus G. (January 2022). "Indo-European loanwords and exchange in Bronze Age Central and East Asia: Six new perspectives on prehistoric exchange in the Eastern Steppe Zone". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 4: e23. doi:10.1017/ehs.2022.16. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 10432883. PMID 37599704.
^ ^a ^b ^c Marchenko et al. 2017.
^ Cite error: The named reference BBCKeys was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Kang, In Uk (May 2020). Archaeological perspectives on the early relations of the Korean peninsula with the Eurasian steppe (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers. p. 34 – via sino-platonic.org.
^ ^a ^b Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert, eds. (6 May 2002) [1 January 1999]. A Dictionary of Archaeology. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 517. ISBN 978-0-631-23583-5.
1999 ed.: Blackwell Publishers doi:10.1002/9780470753446 ISBN 978-0-470-75344-6
^ Anthony 2007, pp. 447.
^ Childebayeva, Ainash; et al. (October 1, 2023). "Bronze Age Northern Eurasian Genetics in the Context of Development of Metallurgy and Siberian Ancestry". BioRxiv. doi:10.1101/2023.10.01.560195. S2CID 263672903.

[1] Bjørn, Rasmus G. (January 2022). "Indo-European loanwords and exchange in Bronze Age Central and East Asia: Six new perspectives on prehistoric exchange in the Eastern Steppe Zone". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 4: e23. doi:10.1017/ehs.2022.16. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 10432883. PMID 37599704.

[FOOTNOTEMarchenkoSvyatkoMolodinGrishin2017-2] Marchenko et al. 2017.

[BBCKeys-3] Cite error: The named reference BBCKeys was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[4] Kang, In Uk (May 2020). Archaeological perspectives on the early relations of the Korean peninsula with the Eurasian steppe (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers. p. 34 – via sino-platonic.org.

[Shaw-Jameson-2002-5] Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert, eds. (6 May 2002) [1 January 1999]. A Dictionary of Archaeology. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 517. ISBN 978-0-631-23583-5.
1999 ed.: Blackwell Publishers doi:10.1002/9780470753446 ISBN 978-0-470-75344-6

[FOOTNOTEAnthony2007447-6] Anthony 2007, pp. 447.

[7] Childebayeva, Ainash; et al. (October 1, 2023). "Bronze Age Northern Eurasian Genetics in the Context of Development of Metallurgy and Siberian Ancestry". BioRxiv. doi:10.1101/2023.10.01.560195. S2CID 263672903.

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