Back نوبة (طب) Arabic Epileptički napad BS Atac epilèptic Catalan نۆرەفێ CKB Krampfanfall German Επιληπτική κρίση Greek Convulsión epiléptica Spanish حمله صرع Persian Crise d'épilepsie French פרכוס אפילפטי HE

Seizure

This article is about epileptic seizures. For other types of seizures, see Non-epileptic seizure. For other uses, see Seizure (disambiguation).

Epileptic seizure
Other namesEpileptic fit,[1] seizure, fit, convulsions[2]
Generalized 3 Hz spike and wave discharges in an electroencephalogram (EEG) of a patient with epilepsy
SpecialtyNeurology, emergency medicine
SymptomsVariable[3]
ComplicationsFalling, drowning, car accidents, pregnancy complications, emotional health issues[4]
DurationTypically less than 2 minutes[3]
TypesFocal, generalized; provoked, unprovoked[5]
CausesProvoked: Low blood sugar, alcohol withdrawal, low blood sodium, fever, brain infection, traumatic brain injury[3][5]
Unprovoked: Flashing lights or colours, unknown causes, previous stroke, brain injury, brain tumor[5][6][3]
Diagnostic methodBased on symptoms, blood tests, medical imaging, electroencephalography[6]
Differential diagnosisSyncope, psychogenic seizure, migraine aura, transient ischemic attack[3][7]
TreatmentLess than 5 min: Place person on their side, remove nearby dangerous objects
More than 5 min: Treat as status epilepticus[3][5][8]
Frequency≈10% of people (lifetime risk)[9][10]

A seizure is a sudden, brief disruption of brain activity caused by abnormal, excessive, or synchronous neuronal firing.[5][11] Depending on the regions of the brain involved, seizures can lead to changes in movement, sensation, behavior, awareness, or consciousness. Symptoms vary widely. Some seizures involve subtle changes, such as brief lapses in attention or awareness (as seen in absence seizures), while others cause generalized convulsions with loss of consciousness (tonic–clonic seizures).[12] Most seizures last less than two minutes and are followed by a postictal period of confusion, fatigue, or other symptoms.[13] A seizure lasting longer than five minutes is a medical emergency known as status epilepticus.[3][14]

Seizures are classified as provoked, when triggered by a known cause such as fever, head trauma, or metabolic imbalance, or unprovoked, when no immediate trigger is identified. Recurrent unprovoked seizures define the neurological condition epilepsy.[5][11]

  1. ^ Shorvon S (2009). Epilepsy. OUP Oxford. p. 1. ISBN 9780199560042.
  2. ^ "Epileptic Seizures - National Library of Medicine". PubMed Health. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Abou-Khalil, Bassel W.; Gallagher, Martin J.; Macdonald, Robert L. (2022). "Epilepsies". Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice (8th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 1614–1663. ISBN 978-0323642613.
  4. ^ Mayo Clinic Staff. "Seizures – Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Fisher, Robert S.; Acevedo, Carlos; Arzimanoglou, Alexis; Bogacz, Alicia; Cross, J. Helen; Elger, Christian E.; Engel, Jerome; Forsgren, Lars; French, Jacqueline A.; Glynn, Mike; Hesdorffer, Dale C.; Lee, B.I.; Mathern, Gary W.; Moshé, Solomon L.; Perucca, Emilio (2014). "ILAE Official Report: A practical clinical definition of epilepsy". Epilepsia. 55 (4): 475–482. doi:10.1111/epi.12550. ISSN 0013-9580.
  6. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference AFP2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Winkel2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Cruickshank, Moira; Imamura, Mari; Booth, Corinne; Aucott, Lorna; Counsell, Carl; Manson, Paul; Scotland, Graham; Brazzelli, Miriam (2022). "Pre-hospital and emergency department treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in adults: an evidence synthesis". Health Technology Assessment. 26 (20): 1–76. doi:10.3310/RSVK2062. ISSN 2046-4924. PMC 8977974. PMID 35333156.
  9. ^ Ferri FF (2018). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2019 E-Book: 5 Books in 1. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 959. ISBN 9780323550765.
  10. ^ "Epilepsy". World Health Organization. 9 February 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  11. ^ a b Fisher, Robert S.; Boas, Walter van Emde; Blume, Warren; Elger, Christian; Genton, Pierre; Lee, Phillip; Engel Jr., Jerome (2005). "Epileptic Seizures and Epilepsy: Definitions Proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE)". Epilepsia. 46 (4): 470–472. doi:10.1111/j.0013-9580.2005.66104.x. ISSN 1528-1167.
  12. ^ Berkowitz, Aaron L. (2022), "Seizures & Epilepsy", Clinical Neurology & Neuroanatomy: A Localization-Based Approach (2 ed.), New York, NY: McGraw Hill, retrieved 28 April 2025
  13. ^ Pottkämper, Julia C. M.; Hofmeijer, Jeannette; van Waarde, Jeroen A.; van Putten, Michel J. A. M. (2020). "The postictal state-What do we know?". Epilepsia. 61 (6): 1045–1061. doi:10.1111/epi.16519. ISSN 1528-1167. PMC 7317965. PMID 32396219.
  14. ^ Nardone, Raffaele; Brigo, Francesco; Trinka, Eugen (2016). "Acute Symptomatic Seizures Caused by Electrolyte Disturbances". Journal of Clinical Neurology. 12 (1): 21–33. doi:10.3988/jcn.2016.12.1.21. ISSN 1738-6586. PMC 4712283. PMID 26754778.

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