Self-driving car

A self-driving car, also known as an autonomous car (AC), driverless car, robotaxi, robotic car or robo-car,^[1]^[2]^[3] is a car that is capable of operating with reduced or no human input.^[4]^[5] Self-driving cars are responsible for all driving activities, such as perceiving the environment, monitoring important systems, and controlling the vehicle, which includes navigating from origin to destination.^[6]

As of early 2024, no system has achieved full autonomy (SAE Level 5). In December 2020, Waymo was the first to offer rides in self-driving taxis to the public in limited geographic areas (SAE Level 4),^[7] and as of April 2024^[update] offers services in Arizona (Phoenix) and California (San Francisco and Los Angeles). In June 2024, after a Waymo autonomous taxi crashed into a utility pole in Phoenix, Arizona, all of its Jaguar I-Pace with defective software were recalled. The company commented all of its fleet had the software defect making it susceptible to crashing into pole like objects.^[8]^[9] In July 2021, DeepRoute.ai started offering self-driving taxi rides in Shenzhen, China. Starting in February 2022, Cruise offered self-driving taxi service in San Francisco,^[10] but suspended service in 2023. In 2021, Honda was the first manufacturer to sell an SAE Level 3 car,^[11]^[12]^[13] followed by Mercedes-Benz in 2023.^[14]

^ Taeihagh, Araz; Lim, Hazel Si Min (2 January 2019). "Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety, liability, privacy, cybersecurity, and industry risks". Transport Reviews. 39 (1): 103–128. arXiv:1807.05720. doi:10.1080/01441647.2018.1494640. ISSN 0144-1647. S2CID 49862783.
^ Maki, Sydney; Sage, Alexandria (19 March 2018). "Self-driving Uber car kills Arizona woman crossing street". Reuters. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
^ Thrun, Sebastian (2010). "Toward Robotic Cars". Communications of the ACM. 53 (4): 99–106. doi:10.1145/1721654.1721679. S2CID 207177792.
^ Xie, S.; Hu, J.; Bhowmick, P.; Ding, Z.; Arvin, F. (2022). "Distributed Motion Planning for Safe Autonomous Vehicle Overtaking via Artificial Potential Field". IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. 23 (11): 21531–21547. doi:10.1109/TITS.2022.3189741. S2CID 250588120. Retrieved 2 February 2024.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Gehrig, Stefan K.; Stein, Fridtjof J. (1999). Dead reckoning and cartography using stereo vision for an automated car. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Vol. 3. Kyongju. pp. 1507–1512. doi:10.1109/IROS.1999.811692. ISBN 0-7803-5184-3.
^ Xie, S.; Hu, J.; Ding, Z.; Arvin, F. (2023). "Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control for Connected Autonomous Vehicles Using Spring Damping Energy Model". IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 72 (3): 2974–2987. doi:10.1109/TVT.2022.3218575. S2CID 253359200. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
^ "Waymo's Robotaxis are Hitting the Highway, A First For Self Driving Cars". Forbes.
^ ^a ^b Bellan, Rebecca (12 June 2024). "Waymo issues second recall after robotaxi hit telephone pole". TechCrunch. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
^ "Waymo recalls software in all its cars after its robotaxi crashes into a pole". NBC News. 13 June 2024. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
^ Vijayenthiran, Viknesh (2 February 2022). "Cruise opens up driverless taxi service to public in San Francisco". Motor Authority. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
^ Cite error: The named reference Honda-Legend was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference mainichi was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference car_and_driver_2021-03 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "Mercedes-Benz self-driving car technology approved for use". Feet News. 9 December 2021. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.

[:5-1] Taeihagh, Araz; Lim, Hazel Si Min (2 January 2019). "Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety, liability, privacy, cybersecurity, and industry risks". Transport Reviews. 39 (1): 103–128. arXiv:1807.05720. doi:10.1080/01441647.2018.1494640. ISSN 0144-1647. S2CID 49862783.

[2] Maki, Sydney; Sage, Alexandria (19 March 2018). "Self-driving Uber car kills Arizona woman crossing street". Reuters. Retrieved 14 April 2019.

[thrun2010toward-3] Thrun, Sebastian (2010). "Toward Robotic Cars". Communications of the ACM. 53 (4): 99–106. doi:10.1145/1721654.1721679. S2CID 207177792.

[tits-4] Xie, S.; Hu, J.; Bhowmick, P.; Ding, Z.; Arvin, F. (2022). "Distributed Motion Planning for Safe Autonomous Vehicle Overtaking via Artificial Potential Field". IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. 23 (11): 21531–21547. doi:10.1109/TITS.2022.3189741. S2CID 250588120. Retrieved 2 February 2024.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[5] Gehrig, Stefan K.; Stein, Fridtjof J. (1999). Dead reckoning and cartography using stereo vision for an automated car. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Vol. 3. Kyongju. pp. 1507–1512. doi:10.1109/IROS.1999.811692. ISBN 0-7803-5184-3.

[tvt-6] Xie, S.; Hu, J.; Ding, Z.; Arvin, F. (2023). "Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control for Connected Autonomous Vehicles Using Spring Damping Energy Model". IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 72 (3): 2974–2987. doi:10.1109/TVT.2022.3218575. S2CID 253359200. Retrieved 1 February 2024.

[7] "Waymo's Robotaxis are Hitting the Highway, A First For Self Driving Cars". Forbes.

[:20-8] Bellan, Rebecca (12 June 2024). "Waymo issues second recall after robotaxi hit telephone pole". TechCrunch. Retrieved 18 June 2024.

[9] "Waymo recalls software in all its cars after its robotaxi crashes into a pole". NBC News. 13 June 2024. Retrieved 18 June 2024.

[:0-10] Vijayenthiran, Viknesh (2 February 2022). "Cruise opens up driverless taxi service to public in San Francisco". Motor Authority. Retrieved 27 March 2022.

[Honda-Legend-11] Cite error: The named reference Honda-Legend was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[mainichi-12] Cite error: The named reference mainichi was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[car_and_driver_2021-03-13] Cite error: The named reference car_and_driver_2021-03 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Mercedes_2021-12-09-14] "Mercedes-Benz self-driving car technology approved for use". Feet News. 9 December 2021. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.

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