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Self-transcendence

Self-transcendence is a personality trait that involves the expansion or evaporation of personal boundaries. This may potentially include spiritual experiences[1] such as considering oneself an integral part of the universe.[2] Several psychologists, including Viktor Frankl,[3] Abraham Maslow,[4] and Pamela G. Reed [5] have made contributions to the theory of self-transcendence.

Self-transcendence is distinctive as the first trait-concept of a spiritual nature to be incorporated into a major theory of personality.[6] It is one of the "character" dimensions of personality assessed in Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory.[2] It is also assessed by the Self-Transcendence Scale[7] and the Adult Self-Transcendence Inventory.[8]

  1. ^ De Fruyt, F.; Van De Wiele, L.; Van Heeringen, C. (2000). "Cloninger's Psychobiological Model of Temperament and Character and the Five-Factor Model of Personality". Personality and Individual Differences. 29 (3): 441–452. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00204-4.
  2. ^ a b Cloninger, C.R.; Svrakic, D.M.; Przybeck, T.R. (December 1993). "A psychobiological model of temperament and character". Archives of General Psychiatry. 50 (12): 975–90. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008. PMID 8250684.
  3. ^ Frankl, Viktor E. (1966). "Self-transcendence as a human phenomenon". Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 6 (2): 97–106. doi:10.1177/002216786600600201. S2CID 144208833.
  4. ^ Koltko-Rivera, Mark E. (2006). "Rediscovering the later version of Maslow's hierarchy of needs: Self-transcendence and opportunities for theory, research, and unification" (PDF). Review of General Psychology. 10 (4): 302–317. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.10.4.302. S2CID 16046903.
  5. ^ Reed, P. G. (1991). "Toward a nursing theory of self-transcendence: Deductive reformulation using developmental theories". Advances in Nursing Science. 13 (4): 64–77. doi:10.1097/00012272-199106000-00008. PMID 2059006. S2CID 2099622.
  6. ^ MacDonald, D.A.; Holland, D. (2002). "Examination of the psychometric properties of the temperament and character inventory self-transcendence dimension". Personality and Individual Differences. 32 (6): 1013–1027. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00107-6.
  7. ^ Reed, Pamela G. (1991). "Self-transcendence and mental health in oldest-old adults". Nursing Research. 40 (1): 5–11. doi:10.1097/00006199-199101000-00002. PMID 1987557. S2CID 37939669.
  8. ^ Levenson, Michael R.; et al. (2005). "Self-transcendence: Conceptualization and measurement". The International Journal of Aging and Human Development. 60 (2): 127–143. doi:10.2190/XRXM-FYRA-7U0X-GRC0. PMID 15801386. S2CID 35589606.

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