Semi-metro

Semi-metro (also known as subway-surface^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] line or hybrid^[5] streetcar/light rail line) is a form of public rail transport in which trams run partly on a conflict-free track, by using tunnels and/or viaducts.^[6] These stretches of track are designed to function like a regular metro or rapid transit line.^[7]^[8] Semi-metro lines run with tram cars because they are usually developed from an existing tram network.^[9]^[10]

One key difference with metro/rapid transit is that semi-metro lines only partially run in tunnels and/or on viaducts.^[11] A metro line has an entirely conflict-free track, often completely grade separated. Semi-metro routes are operated by regular trams (with or without low floor) or with specially developed streetcars/tramcars (light rail vehicles), such as the Stadtbahn-car 'type B'.^[12]

^ Transportation Research Board (2003). 9th National Light Rail Transit Conference. p. 29. Retrieved 16 February 2023. By this time, there was considerable interest in reconfiguring the U.S. subway-surface streetcar systems to resemble northern European practice, and there was increasing recognition that modern tramways might be appropriate for urban regions that long since had given up streetcar operation.
^ Pedestrian Observations (August 2019). "What is Light Rail, Anyway?". Retrieved 16 February 2023.
^ Canadian Embassy. (1982). Canada Today: Canada D'aujourd'hui, Volumes 13-15. Retrieved 16 February 2023. light rail subway/surface line
^ "THE RAPID TRAMWAY: A FEASIBLE SOLUTION TO THE URBAN TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM". Traffic Quarterly. 24 (4): 517. 1970. ISSN 0041-0713. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
^ NACTO. "Streetcar and Light Rail Characteristics". National Association of City Transportation Officials. Retrieved 16 February 2023.[1]
^ Haring, Leonardus H. 13th National Light Rail and Streetcar Conference: Transforming Urban Areas. p. 401. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (1973). The Automobile and the Environment. Retrieved 9 February 2023. descending into tunnels in the style of conventional underground mass transit
^ Norley, Kym (2010). Light rail: The semi-metro concept. p. 4. Semi-metro: Light rail on reserved right of way over congested parts of line typically in tunnel or viaduct for grade separation designed to Metro standards, with priority surface light rail in other sections
^ Implementation of Transportation Controls: Hearing, Ninety-third congress. Washington, D.C. 1974. p. 492. Retrieved 17 January 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ U.S., Transportation Research Board. "Transportation Research Board Special Report 179". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
^ Orski, C.K. (1973). "New Transportation Service Concepts". Proceedings of the International Conference on Transportation Research: 407. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
^ De Leuw, Cather & Company (1976). "Light Rail Transit: A State of the Art Review": 55. Retrieved 8 February 2023. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[NLRTC-1] Transportation Research Board (2003). 9th National Light Rail Transit Conference. p. 29. Retrieved 16 February 2023. By this time, there was considerable interest in reconfiguring the U.S. subway-surface streetcar systems to resemble northern European practice, and there was increasing recognition that modern tramways might be appropriate for urban regions that long since had given up streetcar operation.

[PO1-2] Pedestrian Observations (August 2019). "What is Light Rail, Anyway?". Retrieved 16 February 2023.

[3] Canadian Embassy. (1982). Canada Today: Canada D'aujourd'hui, Volumes 13-15. Retrieved 16 February 2023. light rail subway/surface line

[4] "THE RAPID TRAMWAY: A FEASIBLE SOLUTION TO THE URBAN TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM". Traffic Quarterly. 24 (4): 517. 1970. ISSN 0041-0713. Retrieved 7 April 2024.

[NACTO-5] NACTO. "Streetcar and Light Rail Characteristics". National Association of City Transportation Officials. Retrieved 16 February 2023.[1]

[TRC2016-6] Haring, Leonardus H. 13th National Light Rail and Streetcar Conference: Transforming Urban Areas. p. 401. Retrieved 1 August 2023.

[7] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (1973). The Automobile and the Environment. Retrieved 9 February 2023. descending into tunnels in the style of conventional underground mass transit

[Norley-8] Norley, Kym (2010). Light rail: The semi-metro concept. p. 4. Semi-metro: Light rail on reserved right of way over congested parts of line typically in tunnel or viaduct for grade separation designed to Metro standards, with priority surface light rail in other sections

[ITC-9] Implementation of Transportation Controls: Hearing, Ninety-third congress. Washington, D.C. 1974. p. 492. Retrieved 17 January 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[TRB-10] U.S., Transportation Research Board. "Transportation Research Board Special Report 179". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 17 January 2023.

[11] Orski, C.K. (1973). "New Transportation Service Concepts". Proceedings of the International Conference on Transportation Research: 407. Retrieved 9 February 2023.

[StateArt1-12] De Leuw, Cather & Company (1976). "Light Rail Transit: A State of the Art Review": 55. Retrieved 8 February 2023. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

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